micro unit 1 – Flashcards
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what is a diseased state resulting from an invasion of the body by a pathogen? |
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pathophysiology |
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what is a disease-producing or causing (micro)-organism? |
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pathogen |
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what is the study of microorganism? |
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microbiolody |
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what are life forms generally too small to be seen with the naked eye (and thus, requires the use of a microscope to be seen)/ |
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microorganism |
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what are 4 examples of microorganisms often referred as "germs", "bugs", and "microbes"? |
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bacteria, viruses, parasites, and yeasts |
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true or false fungi and parasites can be seen without a microscope |
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true |
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what is the study of bacteria? |
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bacteriology |
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what is the study of viruses? |
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virology |
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what is the study of fungi? |
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mycology |
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what is the study of parasites? |
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parasitology |
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what is the study of host (human) resistance to disease? |
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immunology |
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true or false eukaryotic cell is a bacterial cell and prokaryotic is a human cell |
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false |
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from eukaryotic cell to virus to prokaryotic cell name them from biggest to smallest |
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eukaryotic cell, prokaryotic cell, and virus |
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Your immune system includes white blood cells like ___________, ___________, and __________ and processes like inflammation and ________________ |
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neutrophils, B-cells and T-cells phagocytosis |
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what is the process of engulfing and digesting extracellular foreign materials (like bacteria and viruses that do not belong in our bodies)? |
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phagocytosis |
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what is the study of living organisms like protozoa and worms (helminths) that cause disease? |
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parasites |
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what is an organism that uses the life cycle of the host species (lives off a host cell/organism) for sustenance or reproduction, or both (life)? |
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parasite |
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true or false true parasites are the first microbes ever seen and are the largest in size of the microorganism |
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true |
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what type of parasite has eukaryotic, with nucleus, cytoplasm, and mitochondria? |
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protozoa |
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what type of parasite is predominantly single-celled? |
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protozoa |
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trichomonas vaginalis is what type of protozoa parasite? |
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parasite that causes vaginal infection |
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giardia lamblia is what type of protozoa parasite? |
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parasite that causes diarrhea from rivers and lakes |
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toxoplasma gondii is what type of protozoa parasite? |
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parasite that pregnant women can get from changing the cat litter |
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cryptosporidium is what type of protozoa parasite? |
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it is a parasite found in water park |
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trypanosome gambiense is what type of protozoa parasite? |
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it is known as a causative agent of African sleeping sickness |
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what parasite is better known as worms? |
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helminths |
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examples of groups of helminths are? |
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nematodes, cestodes, and trematodes |
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nematodes are what? |
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tubular in shape and known as roundworms |
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cestodes are what? |
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tapeworms; segmented |
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trematodes are what? |
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often referred to as flukes |
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the study of larger, multicellular organisms found everywhere is know as ? |
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mycology (the study of fungi) |
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yeast that frequently causes human yeast infection and is also know as part of our normal human microflora? |
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candida albicans |
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the mold on bread and the fungus that cause athletes foot and ringworm also often referred to as _______ _________ and __________ __________? |
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tinea pedis and tinea corporis |
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common fungal diseases are ringworm caused by the fungus _______ and oral yeast infection know as __________ |
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tinea and thrush |
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__________ do not respire, do not move, and cannot and do not grow on their own |
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viruses |
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acellular are not know as? |
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not living, not dead - just there |
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viruses are acellular, cannot replicate on their own and do not have _________________ processes |
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metabolism/metabolic |
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what are two basic components that viruses have? |
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protein coat (capsid) and a genome or nucleic acid |
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viruses nucleic acid are either ______ or _____ but never both |
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DNA or RNA |
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viruses can have a 3rd component know as |
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an envelope (lipid layer or phospholipid membrane |
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viruses are classified according to what? |
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type of nucleic acid and diseases they cause |
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type of nucleic acid are DNA or RNA and _________ or ____________ |
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enveloped or non-enveloped |
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what will not work on viruses but will work on bacteria are? |
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antibiotics |
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baby viruses are known as? |
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virions or virus particles |
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reproduction of virus has what four stages |
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attachment, enter, multiple, and parting |
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when virus attaches to a host cell is know as what stage of virus reproduction? |
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attachment |
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when virus or viral nucleic acid enters host cell is known as what stage of virus reproduction? |
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enter |
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when virus uses host cell's enzymes and ribosomes to make viral genes and proteins (virus "parts") is known as what stage of virus reproduction? |
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multiple |
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when new virus particles ("newborn baby" viruses) eventually leave host and search for a new host cell is known as what stage of virus reproduction? |
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parting |
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enveloped virus leaves the cell by __________ and non-enveloped virus leaves the cell by _________ |
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budding and lyse |
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influenza (the "flu"), herpes (herpes virus type I and II), HIV, mononucleosis (Epstein-Barr virus), chicken pox/shingles (varicella-zoster virus), smallpox, ebola, norwalk, mumps, and measles are known as? |
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viral diseases |
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the study of bacteria is known as? |
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bacteriology |
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_________are know as good bacteria and help the environment by degrading biowaste and clean up oil spills |
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probiotics |
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biofilms are known as? |
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bad bacteria |
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bacteria are ___________ which means they are simple and single-celled organism |
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prokaryotes |
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bacteria do not have membrane bound __________, no membrane bound __________ and no __________ |
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organelles, nucleus, and mitochondria |
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the processes that bacteria replicate is know as? |
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binary fission |
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staphylococcus aureus, escherichia coli, streptococcus mutans, and lactobacillus are known as? |
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bacteria |
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bacteria are grouped or classified and identified based on what characteristics? |
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DNA (specific genes), unique cell surface molecules, and growth requirements |
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majority of bacteria have a structure know as a cell wall and contain the substance ____________ |
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peptidoglycan |
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what gives bacterial cells their shape? |
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cell wall |
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in lab we identify the million of different bacteria by 1st seeing the cell shape, arrangement of cells, and cell wall type under the microscope and by ____________ |
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appearance of colonies |
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the 1st to see and describe microorganisms in 1670 is? |
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Anton van Leeuwenhoek |
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who developed the concept of vaccination in late 1700 is? |
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Edward Jenner |
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the golden age of microbiology includes _____________, __________, and __________ in 1875-1900 |
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Pasteur, Lister, and Koch |
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the father of microbiology is known as? |
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Pasteur |
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who came up with pasteurization, rabies vaccine and Disproved Abiogenesis (spontaneous generation)? |
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Pasteur |
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the "father" of antiseptic surgery is known as? |
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Joseph Lister |
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whose's postulates helped isolate/discover bacillus anthracis and mycobacterium tuberculosis? |
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Koch's postulates |
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what are the 4 steps of Koch's postulates |
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1) the agent must be present in every case of disease 2) the agent must be isolated and cultured in vitro 3) the disease must be reproduced when a pure culture of the agent is inoculated into a susceptible host 4) the agent must be recoverable fro the experimentally-infected host |
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in 1929 who accidentally grew the mold that produced penicillin? |
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Alexander Fleming |
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what two people found a way to mas produce penicillin and purify the active compound? |
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Howard Florey and Ernest Chain |
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in 1912 who coined the term, and well as discovered and implemented the first chemotherapeutics? |
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Paul Ehrlich |
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the use of chemicals to treat (infectious) disease is known as |
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chemotherapeutic |
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who discovered the "cure" for syphilis known as salvarsan? |
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Paul Ehrlich |
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____________, ____________, ____________, _____________, are external bacterial structures |
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cell wall, capsule, flagellum, and Pili (fimbriae) |
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____________, _____________, ___________ are internal bacterial structures |
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cytoplasm, nucleiod (nuclear region), and ribosomes |
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what cell wall has peptidoglycan, teichoic acid, thick, and is cross-linked? |
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gram positive |
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what cell wall has peptidoglycan, thin, no teichoic acid, and has external Lipopolysaccharide layer (LPS) which produced lipid A an endotoxin |
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gram negative |
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what cell wall has mycobacteria, peptidoglycan and thick waxy substance (aka mycolic acid)? |
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acid fast |
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some bacteria when stressed, encounter unfavorable growth condition (lack of water, high heat) can undergo the process of sporulation and form bacterial _____________ |
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endospores |
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two significant genera that can undergo this process and form endospores are? |
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clostridia species and bacillus species which are GPRs |
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survival technique beside endspore that bacteria use are what 3? |
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1) produce/use different enzymes 2) can alter cell wall or membrane 3) alter genes-genetic mutations |
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what are the four key stages to bacterial growth? |
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lag, log(logarithmic), stationary phase, death and decline |
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what nutrients do bacteria need to grow? |
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a carbon source (something organic), nitrogen (animo acids), lipids (fatty acids), salts (minerals), vitamins, and water |
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medically important microorganisms that cause disease are know as? |
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pathogens |
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microorganisms that are very good at causing disease are described as? |
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pathogenic |
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what live off dead organic material by absorbing nutrients (ex. fungi on bread)? |
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saprophytes |
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what life forms which live off live organic matter (host) and derive support at expense of the host? |
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parasites |
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in lab we provide for nutrition by use of artificial growth media (broth,agar) and control temperature and oxygen levels by use of an ____________ |
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incubator |
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what 5 key nutrient and environmental conditions that influence bacterial growth are? |
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1. moisture 2. temperature 3. pH 4. specific salt (NACI) concentration 5. oxygen requirements |
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microbes generally grow best between aw~ |
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0.995-0.980 |
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most microbes cease growth at aw~ |
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<0.900 |
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thermophiles |
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> 40c |
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mesophiles |
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20-40c pathogenic range |
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psychrophiles |
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<20c |
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obligate aerobe are what specific salt concentration? |
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strict oxygen |
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what needs lots of oxygen at specific amount? |
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micro aerophilic |
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__________ ____________ are flexible to oxygen available and not specific. an ex. include E. coli, staph and strep |
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facultative anaerobes |
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___________ ____________ example are clostidia, C. tenani, and C. difficile and oxygen is toxic to them |
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obligate anaerobe |
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what are the most common/classic stains used in lab? |
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gram stain and acid-fast stain |
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an example of immunofluorescene stains that diagnose syphilis is? |
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direct IFA |
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the destruction/removal of all life forms refers to the process in which all living cells, spores, and viruses |
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sterilization |
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destruction or removal of pathogenic m/o's is know as? |
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disinfection |
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true or false disinfection may not necessarily eliminate spores or all of the microorganisms fro an object or environment |
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true |
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-cidal (suffix) |
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kills; death of microorganism like bactericidal, fungicidal, virucidal, sporicidal |
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-static (suffix) |
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prevents further multiplication without necessarily killing them by slowing metabolism and inhibits growth |
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what seven way we control the growth of microorganisms in the environment |
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1. heat 2. irradiation 3. filtration 4. pasteurization 5. low temperature 6. drying (desiccation) 7. antimicrobial agents |
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a method can only be defined as a sterilant if, and only if, it destroys ___________ bacteria, in addition to all other life forms |
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endospores/spore-forming |
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_____________ are one of the most difficult forms of 'life' to irradicate on earth even more difficult are prions |
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endospores |
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the heat that are used to control microorganism in the environment include which 4? |
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incineration, moist heat, autoclaving and dry heat |
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what burns organisms and physically destroy them and are used for needles, inoculating wires, glassware, and objects not destroyed in the incineration process |
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incineration >500c |
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what kills everything except some endospores (which requires over 2+ hours of boiling to kill) |
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moist heat-boiling ~100c for 30 minutes |
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what uses moist heat/steam under pressure or pressure cooker and spore forming Bacteria -Bacillus species- is used as quality control to see if it is working? |
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autoclaving |
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what can be good for sterilizing almost anything, including water, some agar medias, and glass? |
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autoclaving |
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what is used for sterilizing glassware, metal, and objects that won't melt |
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dry heat |
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dry heat is used to sterilize for how long? |
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160 degree/2 hours or 170 degrees/1 hour |
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true or false dry heat is as good as moist heat for eliminating microbes |
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false moist heat is better |
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what uses UV light-260mm wavelength and gamma (ionizing) radiation ("radioactive") to sterilize? |
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irradiation |
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what uses HEPA - high efficiency particulate air- filters and is designed for the filtration of small particles? |
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filtration for air |
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the use of mild heat and time to reduce the number of microorganisms (likely to cause spoilage) and kill any potential pathogens present is know as? |
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pasteurization |
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true or false low temperature are not bactericidal |
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true |
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most organisms grow very little or not at all at what degree? |
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4 C |
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what method involve the removal of water from product by heat, evaporation, freeze-drying, and addition of salt or sugar? |
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drying/desiccation (removal of H2O) |
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true or false most microorganisms cannot grow at reduced water activity (aw <0.90) |
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true |
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desiccation is often used to preserve what type of food? |
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fruits and grains |
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what are chemical agents used to disinfect inanimate (lifeless) objects and surfaces? |
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disinfectants |
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true or false some disinfectants, if in high concentration or long contact time, may qualify as sterilants |
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true |
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what are chemical agents applied to living tissues to prevent infection? |
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antiseptics |
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true or false antiseptics are generally less toxic than disinfectants because they must not cause too much damage to the host living issue |
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true |
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what are pharmaceuticals (chemical agents) that are used in the treatment of microbial infections? |
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antimicrobials |
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the specific group of antimicrobials used to control/destroy bacteria are known as? |
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antibiotics |