Micro Test 4 Test Questions – Flashcards
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answersquestion
| principles of disease |
answer
| the relationship between microorganisms and their disease causing capabilities and the host's response to them. |
question
| pathology |
answer
| scientific study of disease |
question
| pathogen |
answer
| disease-causing microorganism |
question
| infection |
answer
| invasion of the body by pathogenic microorganisms |
question
| disease |
answer
| occurs when there is harm to the host: a change in state of health |
question
| normal flora |
answer
| microorganisms that colonize the body but do not usually result in disease |
question
| noncommunicable disease |
answer
| not spread from one host to another ex: tetanus and e.coli in bladder and yeast infection |
question
| communicable disease: |
answer
| transmitted from one host to another |
question
| ways diseases are communicated |
answer
| contact vehicle transmission vectors |
question
| disease communicated by contact direct contact |
answer
| disease is transmitted by physical contact with source |
question
| disease communicated by contact indirect contact |
answer
| disease is transmitted by a contaminated non-living object |
question
| disease communicated by contact droplet transmission |
answer
| mucus droplets that travel SHORT distances(less than 1 meter). Coughing, sneezing, laughing, talking. |
question
| disease communicated by vehicle transmission FOOD |
answer
| incompletely cooked, poorly refrigerated, or prepared in unsanitary conditions |
question
| disease communicated by vehicle transmission WATER |
answer
| poorly treated sewage (cholera) |
question
| disease communicated by vehicle transmission AIRBORNE TRANSMISSION |
answer
| mucus droplets that travel longer distances(TB) dust(staph, strep), and spores(histoplasmosis) |
question
| disease communicated by Vectors MECHANICAL TRANSMISSION |
answer
| pathogen carried on vector's body part. Ex: flies carry typhoid fever and bacillary dysentery(shigellosis) |
question
| disease communicated by Vectors BIOLOGICAL TRANSMISSION |
answer
| vector bites host or the vector vomits of defecates while biting , and the parasite carried by the vector enters the host. |
question
| pathogenicity |
answer
| the ability to cause disease |
question
| virulence |
answer
| the degree or measurement of pathogenicity. May involve production of cell structures and components. |
question
| 4 general mechanisms connected with virulence of pathogen |
answer
| access to host adherence to host penetration of host defenses damage to host |
question
| damage to host |
answer
| direct damage to host cell by being in it or lysing it to get out using host cell's nutrients toxin production |
question
| 2 types of toxins from bacteria |
answer
| endotoxins and exotoxins |
question
| exotoxins |
answer
| proteins produced in the bacteria as a part of growth and metabolism. released into surrounding environment -can destroy parts of the host's cells by inhibiting certain metabolic functions. small amounts can kill |
question
| A-B toxins |
answer
| Botulism, tetanus, cholera- A part causes cells in intestines to secrete large amounts of fluids and electrolytes with sever diarrhea. |
question
| plasma membrane disrupting toxins |
answer
| some form holes in the membrane(leukodins-staph, strep-kill phagocytes) some disrupt the phopholipid portion of the membrane(clostridium perfringens kills muscle cells which produces necrotic tissue- gangrene) |
question
| superantigens |
answer
| provoke a very intense immune response involving the production of enormous amounts of cytokines(cell communicator cells) which negatively affects the host. Ex: staph, food poisoning, and TSS |
question
| endotoxins |
answer
| the lipid portion (Lipid A) of the polysaccharide found in the outer layer of gram negative bacteria cell walls. |
question
| fever: |
answer
| endotoxin exposure causes macrophages to produce inteleukin 1, a cytokine which helps reset the temp control in the hypothalamus of brain to a higher temp |
question
| Interleukin 1 |
answer
| increases number of T-cells, decreases amount of iron available to bacteria and increases effect on interferon. It speeds up metabolism which may help the body repair quicker. |
question
| shock |
answer
| endotoxin exposure causes phagocytes to secrete tumore necrosis factor(a cytokine) which increases permeability of capillaries leading to fluid loss, rapid drop in blood pressure which can result in shock. |
question
| mycotoxins |
answer
| toxin produced by fungi |
question
| Ergot |
answer
| hallucinogenic toxin |
question
| Alfatoxin |
answer
| mutagenic toxin in peanuts |
question
| mushrooms: |
answer
| neurotoxins ex: death angel mushroom and recreational drug mushroom tea. |
question
| resistance: |
answer
| what the host has for protection |
question
| nonspecific host defense: |
answer
| a general defense mechanism that protects against many pathogens. |
question
| first line of defense |
answer
| skin, mucous and tears |
question
| sebum: |
answer
| in skin as 1st line of defense contains fatty acids that lower pH(3-5) which inhibits some pathogens. |
question
| perspiration |
answer
| in skin as first line of defense flushing action, and it contains lysozyme(enzyme that is capable of breaking down peptidoglycan of Gram + cell walls and some gram - |
question
| mucous membranes |
answer
| ciliated membranes move microorganisms toward the throat. Mucus is thick and can trap microorganisms Stomach acid is very acidic(1.2-3.0) |
question
| tears |
answer
| flushing action that contains lysozyme. |
question
| second line of defense: |
answer
| phagocytosis and inflammatory response |
question
| inflammatory response |
answer
| symptoms: redness, heat, swelling, pain, and impaired function. |
question
| Humoral immune response |
answer
| production of antibodies by B-cells(which mature in bone marrow) T-independent and T-dependent response |
question
| T-independent humoral response |
answer
| antibodies are made by B cells without help from T-cells Ex) Flagella and LPS in Gram neg. |
question
| T-dependent response |
answer
| B-cell needs the help of a T-helper cell to make antibodies. |
question
| results when antibodies are bound to their antigen: |
answer
| A. neutralization of toxins, viruses, and some bacteria. B.Coating of antigen to enhance phagocytosis C. Activation of complement which may result in cell lysis D.Agglutination-reduces # of infectious units for host to deal with |
question
| complement |
answer
| series of proteins |
question
| cell-mediated immune response |
answer
| the response of T-cells to antigens |
question
| T-cells |
answer
| mature in the thymus. they do not produce antibodies but can directly attack an antigen and can regulate the immune system. |
question
| types of specialized T-cells |
answer
| Helper T-cells Cytotoxic T-cells Regulatory T-cells |
question
| Helper T-cells |
answer
| CD4(clusters of differentiation 4, refers to glycoproteins on the cell surface) necessary for B-cells activation in the T-dependent response and to activate cells related to immunity(macrophages, natural killer cells, and cytotoxic T-cells) |
question
| cytotoxic T-cells |
answer
| CD8- can transform into cytotoxic T lymphocytes(CTL) which can destroy target cells(cells that are non-self) on contact. |
question
| target cells may be: |
answer
| host cell infected with virus, cancerous tumor cells and foreign cells from transplants. |
question
| Regulatory T-cells |
answer
| can suppress activity of other T-cells which helps regulate the immune response. |
question
| Other cells involved in cellular immunity: |
answer
| natural killer cells activated macrophages |
question
| natural killer cells |
answer
| leukocytes that can attack target cells by lysis |
question
| activated macrophages |
answer
| enhanced to increase their phagocytic capabilities |
question
| Antigens: |
answer
| foreign material that causes a response by the immune system. size: 10,000 mw. |
question
| antibodies |
answer
| proteins made in response to an antigen they can recognize, bind to and help destroy an antigen. Another name for them is immunoglobulin |
question
| AIDS |
answer
| HIV attacks helper T-cells which are needed for B-cell activation and antibody productions. Allows development of bacterial, viral, fungal and protozoan diseases, even some cancers. |
question
| Rejection of Transplants |
answer
| T-cells initiate rejection by destroying transplanted foreign cells on contact. |
question
| Rh factor and ABO Blood Group System |
answer
| Rh factor-Our blood type is listed as positive(85% of population) or negative; indicates the presence of the Rh factor(rhesus monkey) |
question
| Rhogam |
answer
| anti-Rh antibodies |
question
| Problem with Rh factor and pregnancy |
answer
| If an Rh negative female has an Rh positive baby, the mother reads the Rh factor as foreign and develops factors against it. The problem is usually in the second pregnancy after rhogam is made. |
question
| AB blood group |
answer
| has both A and B antigens on RBC surface and lack anti-A and anti-B antibodies. Universal recipients. |
question
| Type O blood group |
answer
| lacks both A and B antigens on the RBC surface. Universal donors. |
question
| hypersensitivity |
answer
| antigenic response beyond that which is considered normal in individuals who have been sensitized by exposure to antigen(allergen) |
question
| anaphylactic reactions |
answer
| involve mast cells, basophils and IgE. |
question
| autoimmune disease |
answer
| loss of ability to distinguish self from non-self includes 5% of population; 75% of cases are women. ex) rheumatoid arthritis-IgM binds to the Fc region of IgG and these complexes deposit in the joints. |
question
| Lupus |
answer
| antibodies produced against a person's own DNA and other cell components. Inflammation and kidney problems |
question
| Grave's disease: |
answer
| antibodies produced by host bind to host's own thyroid gland cells. Antibody binding over-stimulates the thyroid gland. People lose weight and some lose hair. Bulging eyes and goiter. |
question
| innate immunity |
answer
| natural immunity which is species specific. Humans will not get tobacco mosaic virus, for example. |
question
| acquired immunity |
answer
| immunity that develops within a person's lifetime. |
question
| naturally acquired active immunity |
answer
| antibodies made due to direct exposure to an antigen |
question
| artificially acquired passive immunity |
answer
| antibodies gathered from a human or other animals and are injected into an individual. Ex: antiserum for a snakebite. |
question
| naturally acquired passive |
answer
| antibodies are passed from mother to fetus via the placenta and breast milk. |
question
| artificially acquired active |
answer
| antibodies are made due to exposure to a vaccine. |
question
| attenuated vaccines |
answer
| alive but weakened can offer lifelong immunity because virus replicates in the body. |
question
| inactivated vaccines |
answer
| killed microbes in vaccine |
question
| vaccines |
answer
| developed by Edward Jenner: milk maids didn't get small pox; they got cow pox which offered protection against small pox. |
question
| examples of antigens |
answer
| viruses, bacteria, fungi, allergens, transplanted tissue, BUT MORE SPECIFICALLY, they are proteins or polysaccharides such as surface molecules on capsules, cell wall components, flagella, capsids, of another person's self markers. |
question
Access to host Portals of entry RESPIRATORY TRACT |
answer
| Cold, flu, TB and Pneumonia |
question
Access to host Portals of entry Gastrointestinal Tract |
answer
| polio, Hepatitis A, typhoid fever, cholera |
question
Access to host Portals of entry Genitourinary System |
answer
| STD, bladder infections(urethra) |
question
Access to host Portals of entry skin |
answer
hookworm(can bore through intact skin)
|
question
Access to host Portals of entry blood |
answer
| Hepatitis B, HIV, malaria |
question
adherence to host means of attachment adhesins |
answer
| liginds: surface molecules on the pathogen that bind to complementary surface receptors on the host cell. |
question
| where adhesins are located |
answer
capsules(glycocalyx)-streprococcus mutans on teeth
Fimbriae: Gonorrhea organism uses finbriae to attach to mucosal cells Helicobacter pylori- ulcer bacteria attaches to stomach lining via fimbriae, makes ammonia which neutralizes acid. |
question
penetration of host defenses capsules |
answer
| streptococcus pneumonia capsule prevents phagocytosis |
question
penetration of host defenses cell wall components |
answer
streptococcus pyogenes make M protein that aids in prevention of phagocytosis.
antibodies to the M protein men you probably won't develop strep. |
