question

simple structure that lacks a nucleus

answer

prokaryotes

question

the bacteria that causes tetenus

answer

clostridium tetani

question

spherecal and ovoid bacteria are called

answer

cocci

question

both types of rods (bacteria) is called

answer

bacilli

question

spiral shaped bacteria are called spirilla or

answer

spirillum

question

cooci form two cell arrangements called

answer

diplocci

question

streptococcus pneumoniae causes

answer

resppiratory infections

question

some bacteria are refered to as _____________ which means they can change shape

answer

pleomorphic

question

bacteria can be classified by genus and species. further classification of bacteria can be based on

answer

size, shape, and arrangement

question

the gram stain can be used to classify most bacteria into foru major groups

answer

gram-positive, gram-negative, gram-variable, and gram-nonreactive

question

can be used to identify bacteria shapes and in particular spirochetes

answer

the negative stain

question

refers to whether or not a bacterium that is first stained and then washed with acid retains its staining dye

answer

acid-fast

question

stainingis used to make organisms

answer

microscopically visible

question

there are 2 types of dye:
simple stains which uses _______-
differiental dye which uses ________

answer

one dye
more than 1 dye

question

is used to classfiy bacteria on the basis of their cell wall structure

answer

the gram stain

question

several stains such as the capsule, flagella an d endospore stains, are used to identify structures associated w/ the

answer

bacterial cell wall

question

WHY IS THIS IMPORTANT?You have to understand ___________ for success in studying microbiology in general and the process of infection in particular.
?Understanding the relationship between ____________ is required for understanding the processes of infection and disease.

answer

why is CELL STRUCTURE AND HOST-PATHOGEN RELATIONSHIPS important

question

Biologists classify microorganisms by their __and ____ name

answer

genus and species

question

An example is Clostridium tetani. Clostridium is the _______ and tetaniis the _______.

answer

genus and species

question

are the smallest living organisms and are microscopic.
?are immensely diverse and very successful organisms that colonize all parts of the world and its inhabitants.
? are referred to as pathogens if they cause disease.

answer

bacteria

question

Bacteria can be of different shapes, sizes, and arrangements.
?The most common are the following

answer

Bacillus (rod shaped)
?Coccus (circular shaped)
?Spirilla (spiral shaped)

question

Bacillus (rod shaped)
?Coccus (circular shaped)
?Spirilla (spiral shaped)
positive stain
negative stains
simple stain
differential stains

answer

stains the organism
stains the background
stain using one color
stain use more than one color

question

takes advantage of the differences in the cell walls of bacteria.
process divides bacteria into four major groups:
?Gram-positive
?Gram-negative
?Gram-variable
?Gram nonreactive

answer

THE GRAM STAIN

question

stains the background surrounding encapsulated bacteria.
?It can be used to identify the presence of a capsule (important in virulence factors) as the background staining makes the capsule highly visible.

answer

The negative technique

question

The flagella stain identifies the presence of flagella, which are used for motility.
?Motility is important for infection as it allows the invading organisms

answer

to move from the initial infection site

question

This stain is used to detect Mycobacterium species such as M. tuberculosis or M. leprae.
?These organisms have mycolic acid (a virulence factor) in their cell walls, making the cell wall difficult to penetrate

answer

THE ZIEHL-NEELSEN ACID FAST STAIN

question

THE ZIEHL-NEELSEN ACID FAST STAIN
uses heat as part of the process to break down the ___________ and permit the entry of the stain.
?It is called _________ because positive cells retain color even after washing with acid.

Microbiology: A Clinical Approach, by Tony Srelkauskas© Garland Science
Approach © Garland Science
THE ZIEHL-NEELSEN ACID FAST STAIN
© CDC/ Dr. George P. Kubica
ISBN: 978-0-8153-6514-3
Microbiology: A Clinical Approach, by Tony Srelkauskas© Garland Science
Approach © Garland Science
THE ENDOSPORE STAIN
?Endospores are small, tough, dormant structures that can form in certain bacteria.
?Heat is needed to make the endospore wall permeable to the stain.

answer

mycolic acid

acid fast

question

are small, tough, dormant structures that can form in certain bacteria.
?Heat is needed to make their permeable to the stain.

answer

ENDOSPORE

question

HOST-PATHOGEN RELATIONSHIPS

for the pathogen the interabtions depend oh what 3 things

answer

The pathogen’s ability to evade or overcome the host’s defense
?The pathogen’s ability to increase in numbers
?The pathogen’s ability to identify transmission mechanisms to new hosts.

question

HOST-PATHOGEN RELATIONSHIPS
?For the host, the interactions depend on:

answer

The host having useful functioning defenses
?The host’s susceptibility to infection
?The degree of compromise found within the host immune system

question

infection is a matter of survival.
?The human body contains huge numbers of harmless bacteria.
?It interacts with enormous numbers of bacteria outside the body.

answer

for the pathogen

question

In most cases, the interactions between the body and the bacteria cause no harm.
?Some bacteria have a ___________ with the host.
?In these cases, the bacteria provide something beneficial to us and we provide something beneficial to them.

answer

mutualisticrelationship

question

pathogens cause infection by taking advantage of a hosts’ increased susceptibility of infection

answer

oppurtunitic

question

charaacteristics are as follows:
?They cause disease in healthy individuals.
?They include viruses and bacteria.

answer

primary pathogens

question

Characteristics:
?They have evolved mechanisms that can overcome host defenses.
?Once inside, they can multiply rapidly.
?Some are restricted to humans

answer

primary pathogens

question

Successful infection requires the following from a pathogen

answer

The ability to multiply in sufficient numbers
?The ability to transmit to new hosts.

question

Symptoms of certain infections can provide transmission mechanisms through:
?_____ transmits respiratory infections.
?_______ transmits digestive infections.

answer

coughinh

diarherra

question

Infections that kill too quickly inhibit

answer

transmission

question

Pathogens must be able to accomplish the five requirements for infection:

answer

?Entry (getting in)
?Establishment (staying in)
?Defeat the host defenses
?Damage the host
?Be transmissible

question

refers to how harmful a pathogen is to the host.
?depends on genetic factors of the pathogen.
?These genetic elements are often turned on only in the host.

answer

virulence

question

Pathogens carry virulence genes in clusters called __________.
?These can be located on plasmids.
?Plasmids can be transferred between cells.

answer

pathogenicity islands

question

Organisms sense their environment using special sensing proteins
is based on population densities.
?Certain genes are only turned on when there are enough cells present:
?An example of this is enterotoxin production in Salmonella

answer

quorum sensing

question

Bacteria can grow in aggregated assemblies within their host. These assemblies are called

answer

biolfilms

question

are clinically important because:
?They can capture and retain nutrients (allowing continued growth).
?They impede uptake of antibiotics and disinfectants.
?They inhibit phagocytosis

answer

biofilms

question

is the barrier between the inside and the outside of the cell, it must be breached if pathogens are to gain entrance.
?It contains specific receptors used by viruses to attach to host cells.
?It can become the envelope for certain types of viruses.

answer

EUKARYOTIC CELLS: the Plasma Membrane

question

is involved in a variety of infections.
?It has a major role in viral infections.
?Many viruses replicate in the host cell ______

answer

cytoplasm

question

is involved in how cells are joined together to form tissue.
Many pathogens use the ________ as part of the infection process.
?Shigella use microfilaments to move laterally between cells of the intestine.

answer

cytoskeleton

question

Pathogens can attack the _______ and destroy their trapping capability.
?In some respiratory diseases, such as pertussis (whooping cough), the pathogens (in this case Bordetella pertussis) attach to host ______ cells as an initial part of the infection

answer

cilia
ciliated

question

are very important in viral infections but not by choice.
?The virus takes over the host cell _______ function.
?It is then used only to make new virus

answer

Eukaryotic ribosomes

question

EUKARYOTIC CELLS: Role of the ER & Golgi Apparatus in infection

answer

are involved in the biosynthesis and assembly of viruses.

question

is also involved in the adaptive immune response to infection

answer

the ER

question

fuse with cellular vesicles.
?They are responsible for destroying foreign materials that enter the cell.
?They also act in recycling host cell components

answer

lysosomes

question

participate in the degradation of proteins.
?They are also involved in recycling protein components.

answer

EUKARYOTIC CELLS: Proteasomes

question

of the host cell is important in many infections, particularly those caused by DNA viruses.
?Copies of the viral DNA are made in the __________.
?These copies are then moved into the cytoplasm to be used for the construction of new virus molecules.

answer

EUKARYOTIC CELLS:The Nucleus

question

There are three ways that endocytosis operates within a cell:

answer

Pinocytosis
?Phagocytosis
?Receptor-mediated endocytosis

question

Many pathogens enter the host cell through the formation of ________.
?This method provides protection for the pathogen from the host immune response.
?Some pathogens bind to host cell receptors that trigger ________. This is particularly true of viruses

answer

vesicles

endocytosis

Micro terms 4 – Flashcards

Unlock all answers in this set

Haven't found what you were looking for?

Search for samples, answers to your questions and flashcards