question

Sterilization

answer

A process that destroys or removes all microbes including viruses. Such as autoclaving and ionizing radiation

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Two types of energy captured by chloropasts

answer

1) energy from sun captured in plants
2) energy captured by our consumption of food

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Algae

answer

A group of photosynthetic organisms most readily recognized by their larger members such as seaweed and kelp

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Nucleic Acid

answer

Can be double stranded DNA
Single strande DNA
double stranded RNA
single stranded RNA

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RNA and DNA in viruses

answer

RNA is normally only single stranded and DNA is double stranded
However, in viruses both RNA and DNA can be single and double stranded

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Genome

answer

The subtotal of the genetic info carried by an organism

question

Cellular Respiration

answer

Begins at our consumption of food

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Aerobic Respiration

answer

requires oxygen and we as humans only utilize Aerobic Respiration...not Anaerobic Respiration

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What are the 6 steps of Viral Multiplication

answer

1) Adsorption - virus attaches to host cell by specific binding of its spikes ot celll receptors
2) Penetration - the virus is engulfed into vesicle and its envelope
3) Uncoated - thereby freeing the viral RNA/DNA into the cell cytolasm
4) Synthesis - Replication and protein production under control of the viral gene the cell synthesizes the basic components of new viruses: RNA molecules, capsomers, and spikes
5) Assembly - viral spikes proteins are inserted into cell membrane for the viral envelope nucleocapsid is formed from RNA and capsomers
6) Release - Enveloped virus is released and the new virion is ready to infect another cell

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Reproductive Strategies

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Asexual - piece breaks off and a new piece grows

Sexual - spores that germinate

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Helminths

answer

the biggest microorganism and can be seen with the naked eye

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Viruses

answer

inert, just chilling, they are nothing and have nothing

Just a capsid and nucleic acid

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The capsid of any virus is made up of

answer

a number of identical protein subunits known as capsomers

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Vector

answer

a source of bacteria as in the mosquito carrying molaria

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Enzyme Structure

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Primary structure of an enzyme is protein with some exceptions

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Simple Enzyme

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primary structure is protein

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Conjugated Enzyme

answer

protein and non-protein molecules

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Study of microbiology

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Study bacteria viruses fungi protozoa and algae which are all collectively called microorganisms or microbes

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Dimorphic

answer

Fungal cells that can take the form of yeast or hyphae depending on growth conditions

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Bacteriophages

answer

Viruses that attack bacteria

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Lytic Cycle

answer

When virus goes into host cell, reproduces and eventually kills the host cell

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Lysogenic State

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when virus attacks the host cell and stays dormant in cell; host doesn't die in this stage

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Pseudohypha

answer

Some yeast species form a pseudohypha, a chain of yeast formed when buds remain attached in a rowm. ;Because of its manner of formation, it is not a true hypha like that of molds
;
It appears to have septum but doesn't; it's just the unseparated bud

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2 Types of microscopic fungi

answer

Hyphae & Yeasts

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Yeast fungi

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distinguished by its round to oval shape and by its mode of asexual reproduction

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Hyphae Fungi

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long threadlike cells that make up the bodies of filamentous fungi

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Viruses - intracellular parasite

answer

because viruses lack ribosomes they must go into a cell with ribosomes making viruses an intracellular parasite attaching to ribosomes for protein and nucleus to transfer nucleic acid

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Mycellium

answer

a reproductive force of fungi as in sexual - spores

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Fungi

answer

normally black furry and/or white creamy

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DNA Virus

answer

there are only
6 DNA viruses
Double strands:
Envelope:
Smallpox, Herpes, Hepandna
Nucleocapsid: Adenovirus and Papillomavirus
Single Strands
Nucleocapsids: Parvovirus

question

Enzymes

answer

a special class of proteins essential to the chemical reactions of life. ;They are catalysts, i.e. speed up chemical reactions

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Constuitive Enzymes

answer

always present and in relatively constant amounts regardless of substrates

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Regulated Enzymes

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The production of which is either turned on (induced) or off (repressed) in response to changes in the amount of substrate

question

Protozoan - Form and Function

answer

Most are single cells, containing the major eukaryotic organelles except chloroplasts, most have a life cycle

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Thylakoids

answer

Inside the chlorophyll of plants that reacts to the suns energy and sets off the reaction of photosynthesis

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Pathways involved in Aerobic Respiration

answer

1) Glycolysis - breaking down of glucose
2) Krebs cycle - produce ATP and CO_2;in the mitochondria
3) Electron transport Chain - transport Hydrogen to Oxygen to create H₂O
;
The final electron receptor is O₂
Products of Aerobic Respiration are:
ATP, H₂O, CO₂

question

Virus holds it's cell hostage

answer

Everytime the cell duplicates it's own DNA it is duplicating the RNA/DNA of the virus

It can also be reverse transcriptive going from RNA to DNA

question

Two types of Fungi Infections:

answer

Superficial - skin i.e. ringworm

Systemic- inside the body most will grow both as a hyphae and yeast enabling a higher chance of survival

question

Dimorphic

answer

Fungi infections that can grow as both hyphae and yeast for the utmost chance of surival

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Yeast Cell growth

answer

yeast cells grow buds on its surface which break off and become separate cells i.e. asexual

question

Mitosis

answer

One cell splits into two identical cells: as in skin cells and the rest of the human body

question

Meiosis

answer

Combination of 2 cells (father ; mother cell) combine to form 4 cells for a zygote/embryo

question

Conjugated Enzyme aka holoenzymes

answer

a combination of a protein, now called the apoenzyme, and one or more cofactors. Cofactors are either organic molecules or inorganic elements (metal ions)

question

Fermentation

answer

when the body isn't getting enough oxygen, it starts the fermentation process and produces lactic acid

question

Ribosomes

answer

protein synthesizers

question

Hydrolysis

answer

to break down

question

Glycolysis

answer

is to break down glucose & occurs in the cytoplasm

question

Hans Christian Gram

answer

developed the 130yr old method of gram staining that creates ready differentiation of bacteria

gram positive = purple
gram negative = red
The difference in positive and negative is due to cell wall variation

question

Loose Glycolax

answer

produces a slime layer

question

Strong Glycolax

answer

a strong capsule composed of repeating polysaccharide units blocking phagocytes...leaving the bacteria free to multiply and infect body tissue more readily

question

Mycoplasma

answer

a bacteria that cannot be stained because it doesn't have a cell wall

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Parasites and pathogens

answer

Microorganisms that invade the bodies of hosts often causing damage thru infection and disease

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Ubiquitous

answer

Everywhere

question

Photosynthesis

answer

A process where algae and certain bacteria trap the sun's energy to produce food

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Viruses

answer

They are microbes but not cells. They infect prokaryotic or eukaryotic hosts in order to reproduce themselves

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Biotechnology

answer

Applies the power of microbes for the manufacture of industrial products food and drugs

question

Recombinant DNA

answer

To intentionally alter genetic material to produce new products and modified life forms

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Bioremediation

answer

Microbes are used to clean up pollutants and waste in natural environments

question

Pathogens

answer

Nearly 2000 microbes are pathogens that cause infectious disease

question

Leeuwenhoek

answer

Discovered organisms that he called animalcules.

question

Immunology

answer

Studies the complex web of protective substances and reactions cause by invading microbes and other harmful entities and include such diverse areas of blood testing vaccination an allergy

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Order of taxonomy

answer

Going from least specific to specific

domain Kingdom phylum class order family genus and species

question

Procaryotic cell types are placed in the domains archaea and bacteria

answer

Eucaryotes are all placed in the domain Eukarya

question

Taxonomy

answer

The hierarchial scheme for the classification identification and nomenclature of organisms which are grouped in categories call taxa

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Abiogenesis

answer

The notion of spontaneous generation

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Biogenesis

answer

New organisms arise out of existing organisms

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Phylogeny

answer

Records displayed in the form of a tree of life that shows organisms relatedness

question

Atomic number

answer

Number of protons in an element

question

Mass number

answer

Equal to the number of protons and neutrons

question

Orbitals

answer

Pathways for electrons

question

Organic molecules

answer

Contain both carbon and hydrogen. All other substances are inorganic chemicals because they lack these on elements

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Carbon

answer

Is the backbone of biological compounds because of its ability to form single double or triple covalent bonds within itself and many different elements

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Carbohydrates

answer

Are biological molecules who's monomers are simple sugars or monosaccharide linked together by glycosidic bond to form polysaccharides

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Covalent bond

answer

2 molecules share electrons

The molecules share the electrons and the balance of charge will be polar if unequal or nonpolar if equally shared electrically neutral

question

Ionic bonds

answer

Where are electrons are transferred to an atom that can come closer to filling up the outer orbital

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Hydrogen bonds

answer

Involve week attractive forces between hydrogen and nearby oxygen and nitrogen as in the case of a mosquito standing on water

question

Solution

answer

A combination of a solid liquid or gaseous chemical (the solute) dissolved in a liquid medium (the solvent) and water is the most common solvent in natural systems

question

Inorganic compounds

answer

Do not contain both carbon hydrogen in combination

question

Monosaccharides

answer

Such as glucose are the simplest carbohydrates with 3 to 7 carbons

question

Disaccharides

answer

Such as lactose consist of 2 monosaccharides joined by glycosidic bonds

question

Polysaccharides

answer

Such a starch and Peptidoglycans chains of five or more monosaccharides

question

Lipids

answer

Contain long hydrocarbon chains and are not soluble in polar solvents such as water due to their nonpolar hydrophobic character. Common components of fats are fatty acids elongate molecules with a carboxylic acid group examples are triglycerides phospholipids sterols and waxes

question

Amino acids

answer

The basic building blocks of proteins.

question

Nucleotides

answer

The building blocks of nucleic acids

question

Deoxyribonucleic acid DNA

answer

polymer of nucleotides that occurs as a double stranded helix with hydrogen bonding in pairs between the helices. DNA is the master code for a cell's life processes and must be transmitted to the offspring through replication

question

Ribonucleic acid. RNA

answer

Polymer of nucleotides where the sugar is ribose and the uracil is used instead of thymine. it is almost always found single stranded and is used to express the DNA code into proteins

question

Adenosine triphosphate. ATP

answer

Contains a nucleotide and is involved in the transfer and storage of energy in cells

question

Gram stain

answer

Step 1 apply crystal violet primary dye
Step 2 grams iodine which is your mordant
Step 3 alcohol which is the decolorizer
Step 4 apply safranin red dye counterstain

This is a differential stain

question

Types of microbiological stains

answer

simple stains , differential stains which include a Gram stain the acid-fast stain and a spore stain and then you have structural stains which includes the India in capsule and the flagella stain

question

The 6 I's in microbiology lab techniques

answer

Inoculation is the first step obtain culture
Isolation of the microorganism
Incubation so they can grow
Inspection information gathering and identification

question

Properties of a microscope

answer

Magnification and degree resolution

question

Common bacterial shapes

answer

Coccus
Rod/bacillus
Vibrio
Spirillum
Spirochete
Branching filaments

question

Cells

answer

All cells must have the minimum structure of an outer cell membrane cytoplasm a chromosome and ribosomes

question

Metabolism in terms of cells

answer

This refers to the chemical reactions in the cell including the synthesis of proteins on ribosomes and capture and release of energy using ATP

question

Appendages of bacteria

answer

Flagella for motility
Fimbriae to help adhere
Pili provide a means for genetic transfer

question

Bactericide

answer

Chemical that destroys bacteria

question

Bacteriostatic

answer

Agents inhibit or prevent the growth of bacteria on tissues or on other objects in the environment

question

Germicide

answer

Chemical that will kill any pathogenic microorganism

question

Disinfection

answer

Refers to a physical or chemical process that destroys vegetative pathogens but not bacterial endospores

question

sanitization

answer

Any chemical technique that removes microorganisms to safe levels or standards

question

How anti microbial agents work

answer

Their modes of action affect cell wall synthesis membrane permeability and protein and nucleic acid synthesis and function

question

Autoclave

answer

Utilizes steam under pressure to sterilize heat resistant materials WHEREAS intermittent sterlization can be used to sterilize more delicate items

question

pasteurization

answer

Subjects liquids to temperatures below 100 degree Celsius and is used to lower the microbial load in liquids. boiling water can be used to destroy vegetative pathogens in home

question

Dry heat sterilization using higher temperatures than moist heat can also be used to sterilize such as incineration

answer

Incineration can be carried out using a Bunsen burner or incinerator. temperatures range between 800 degrees Celsius and 6500 degrees

question

Radiation

answer

Energy in the form of radiation can be used for cold sterilization which works by killing microbes without heat

question

Ionizing radiation

answer

Such is gamma rays and x-rays has deep penetrating power and works by causing breaks in the DNA of target
organisms

question

Non ionizing radiation

answer

Uses ultra violet waves with very little penetrating power and works by creating dimers between adjacent pyramidines which interferes with replication

question

Decontamination

answer

The destruction removal or reduction in number of undesirable microbes an example of this would be asepsis disinfection sanitization and degermation

question

Sepsis

answer

The growth of microorganisms in the tissues such as infected wounds and blood infection

question

Asepsis

answer

Techniques that prevent the entry of microorganisms into sterile tissues. Such as cleansing the skin with iodine prior to surgery and using sterile needles

question

Antiseptic

answer

Chemicals applied to body surfaces to destroy or inhibit vegetative pathogens. Iodophors, antibacterial soap and chlorhexidine

question

Disinfection

answer

Destruction of vegetative pathogens on inanimate objects. 5% bleach or boiling water

question

Sanitization

answer

Cleansing technique that removes microorganisms and debris from inanimate services

question

Degermation

answer

Cleansing technique that removes microorganisms and debris from living tissue. As in surgical hand scrub and alcohol wipes

question

Sterilization

answer

The removal or destruction of all viable microbes. Autoclaving and ionizing radiation

question

Acid fast stain

answer

Step 1 prepare and mix smear on slide: put bacteria on, let it dry, and heat fix
step 2: suspend slide over a retention container via glass rod, over a plastic container or sink
step 3: primary staining which is Carbol fusion allow to set for 5 minutes
Step 4: wash off to stain
step 5: decolorize with alcohol then rinse
step 6: apply methylene blue as a counterstain for 60 seconds and rinse

question

Pasteur

answer

Proved that disease start from organisms entering the body and he developed pasteurization

question

Cell membranes are made up of

answer

Proteins lipids and carbohydrates

question

Solution

answer

Is a solvent and solute

question

Determining pH level

answer

Ch is determined by counting the hydrogen the more hydrogen the more acidic. PH scale goes from 0 to 14
7 is neutral

question

Organic chemistry

answer

Organic chemistry is anything living that contains carbon with a few exceptions. Carbon dioxide is not alive

question

Carbohydrates are simply carbon hydrated with water

answer

6 carbohydrates equal glucose
5 carbohydrates equal ribose

question

Hydrolysis

answer

Adding water

question

Properties of a microscope

answer

Magnification
definition of resolution

question

Peptidoglycan is what makes up a cell wall

answer

strong surface coating attached to the cell is considered capsule
loosely attached to the cell is slime layer

question

Mycoplasm

answer

The only bacteria that cannot be stained because it doesn't have a cell wall

question

Aerobic respiration

answer

Glycolysis in the cytoplasm
the Krebs cycle in the mitochondria produce ATP
And co2
Then the electron transport chain carries the hydrogen to the final receptor which is oxygen to produce water

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