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Micro Final Answers – Flashcards

Josephine Mack

7 July 2022

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question

Antigen processing and presentation
Antigen processing and presentation
is a way for a cell to give information about its activities.
is the way foreign cells engulf macrophages.
is only accomplished by bacterial cells.
is a way for viruses to infect cells.

answer

is a way for a cell to give information about its activities.

question

Why would a body cell that is not a phagocyte need to present antigens?
Why would a body cell that is not a phagocyte need to present antigens?
Antigens are infectious and can spread to normal cells.
Non-phagocytic body cells can become infected with a virus.
All cells of the body can engulf invading cells.
Antigens are required for cell-to-cell attachment.

answer

Non-phagocytic body cells can become infected with a virus.

question

How do phagocytes communicate to other cells what they have captured?
How do phagocytes communicate to other cells what they have captured?
They engulf virally infected cells.
They present antigens from engulfed foreign cells.
They spread viruses to other cells.

answer

They present antigens from engulfed foreign cells.

question

Which structure do antigen presenting cells utilize to directly help them present bacterial antigens?
Which structure do antigen presenting cells utilize to directly help them present bacterial antigens?
Golgi apparatus
Nucleus
Mitochondria
Phagolysosome

answer

Phagolysosome

question

Which of the following are likely to be found on an MHC-I protein?
Which of the following are likely to be found on an MHC-I protein?
Bacterial cell wall fragment
Damaged mitochondrial fragment
Bacterial DNA
Membranes from a neighboring dead host cell
Bacterial flagella

answer

Damaged mitochondrial fragment

question

What would a virally infected skin epithelial cell have on its cell surface?
What would a virally infected skin epithelial cell have on its cell surface?
Class II MHC with liver cell antigens
Class II MHC with viral antigens
Class I MHC with skin cell antigens
Class II MHC with macrophage antigens

answer

Class I MHC with skin cell antigens

question

Which of the following would you likely see on the surface of a human dendritic cell following phagocytosis of a bacterium?
Which of the following would you likely see on the surface of a human dendritic cell following phagocytosis of a bacterium?
Class II MHC with engulfed bacterial antigens
Class I MHC with dendritic cell antigens
Class II MHC with dendritic cell antigens
Class I MHC with dendritic cell antigens and Class II MHC with engulfed bacteria

answer

Class I MHC with dendritic cell antigens and Class II MHC with engulfed bacteria

question

Tom has a genetic disorder in which he does not synthesize class I MHC proteins or functional NK cells. Which of the following statements would be true for Tom?
Tom has a genetic disorder in which he does not synthesize class I MHC proteins or functional NK cells. Which of the following statements would be true for Tom?
Tom would not be able to produce antibodies against viruses.
Tom would not be able to destroy virally-infected cells.
Tom would be more susceptible to bacterial infections.
Tom would be less susceptible to helminth infections.

answer

Tom would not be able to destroy virally-infected cells.

question

Which of the following statements concerning antigen-presenting cells is true?
Which of the following statements concerning antigen-presenting cells is true?
They are found only in lymphoid tissues.
They are a type of T cell.
They transport antigens to the liver, where they can be degraded.
They are involved in activating T cells.

answer

They are involved in activating T cells.

question

Which part of the adaptive immune response involves B cells?
Which part of the adaptive immune response involves B cells?
Neither humoral nor cell-mediated
Humoral
Both humoral and cell-mediated
Cell-mediated

answer

Humoral

question

Antibodies are a part of which type of immunity?
Antibodies are a part of which type of immunity?
Neither humoral nor cell-mediated
Humoral
Both humoral and cell-mediated
Cell-mediated

answer

Humoral

question

Phagocytosis is a process for engulfing large particles (>1?m). Which feature of antibodies will help to make particles larger, therefore enhancing phagocytosis?
Phagocytosis is a process for engulfing large particles (>1?m). Which feature of antibodies will help to make particles larger, therefore enhancing phagocytosis?
opsonization
neutralization
complement activation
agglutination

answer

agglutination

question

The flu virus mutates fairly frequently. Its adhesive proteins change such that we have different "strains" of influenza each year. When a particular flu virus mutates such that its adhesive proteins change, which function of antibodies is disrupted?
The flu virus mutates fairly frequently. Its adhesive proteins change such that we have different "strains" of influenza each year. When a particular flu virus mutates such that its adhesive proteins change, which function of antibodies is disrupted?
agglutination
complement activation
opsonization
neutralization

answer

neutralization

question

__________________ stimulated with ___________ differentiate into __________, which secrete antibodies into the bloodstream.
__________________ stimulated with ___________ differentiate into __________, which secrete antibodies into the bloodstream.
Antigen, plasma cells, B-cells
Plasma cells, antigen, B-cells
Phagocytes, antigen, B-cells
B-cells, antigen, plasma cells

answer

B-cells, antigen, plasma cells

question

What is the correct sequence of events for activation of a B cell by a T-dependent antigen?
What is the correct sequence of events for activation of a B cell by a T-dependent antigen?
(1) Immunoglobulin receptors on the B cell recognize and bind the antigen. (2) An antigen fragment in complex with MHC class 2 is displayed on the B cell's surface. (3) The MHC-antigen complex binds a receptor on a TH cell. (4) The TH cell secretes cytokines that activate the B cell.
Identical repeating subunits on the antigen bind to many of the antibodies on the surface of the B cell. This activates the B cell.
The T cells binds to an antibody on the B cell. The T cell secretes cytokines. The B cell binds the antigen. The B cell is activated by binding to the antigen.
The B cell binds to a cytokine and then interacts with the TH cell. This causes the B cell to bind the antigen, and then the B cell is activated.

answer

(1) Immunoglobulin receptors on the B cell recognize and bind the antigen. (2) An antigen fragment in complex with MHC class 2 is displayed on the B cell's surface. (3) The MHC-antigen complex binds a receptor on a TH cell. (4) The TH cell secretes cytokines that activate the B cell.

question

If a patient has been exposed to an antigen for the first time, which class of immunoglobulin appears first?
If a patient has been exposed to an antigen for the first time, which class of immunoglobulin appears first?
IgG
IgD
IgM
IgE

answer

IgM

question

Which type of cell directly attacks infected cells?
Which type of cell directly attacks infected cells?
Helper T-cells
Cytotoxic T-cells
Bacterial cells
Cancerous cells

answer

Cytotoxic T-cells

question

Immune cells that secrete cytokines and activate other immune cells are:
Immune cells that secrete cytokines and activate other immune cells are:
Virally infected cells
Invading pathogenic bacteria
Abnormal body cells
Helper T-cells
Cytotoxic T-cells

answer

Helper T-cells

question

HIV directly infects T-cells. Why is this problematic for cell-mediated immunity?
HIV directly infects T-cells. Why is this problematic for cell-mediated immunity?
HIV transforms the T-cells into cancer cells.
HIV causes cytokines to be produced at much higher levels, altering the normal function of the immune system.
Cytotoxic T-cells begin to attack the virally infected T-cells, reducing the number of T-cells in the body.
HIV reprograms these cells to attack the body cells.

answer

Cytotoxic T-cells begin to attack the virally infected T-cells, reducing the number of T-cells in the body.

question

How do helper T-cells and cytotoxic T-cells work together?
How do helper T-cells and cytotoxic T-cells work together?
Helper T-cells produce cytokines to activate other cells of the immune system.
Helper T-cells produce cytotoxic T-cells.
Cytotoxic T-cells produce cytokines to activate helper T-cells.
Cytotoxic T-cells attack abnormal body cells, while helper T-cells attack virally infected cells.

answer

Helper T-cells produce cytokines to activate other cells of the immune system.

question

Which of the following statements concerning cellular immunity is FALSE?
Which of the following statements concerning cellular immunity is FALSE?
The thymus is necessary for development of cells involved in cellular immunity.
T cells respond to antigens when the antigens bind to receptors on their surface.
The lymphocytes involved with cellular immunity are found primarily in lymphoid organs and blood.
Cellular immunity involves cells that recognize antigens and make specific antibodies against them.

answer

Cellular immunity involves cells that recognize antigens and make specific antibodies against them.

question

Which type of T cell is involved in activating macrophages and stimulating development of cytotoxic T cells?
Which type of T cell is involved in activating macrophages and stimulating development of cytotoxic T cells?
Treg cells
TH1 cells
TH2 cells
CD8⁺ T cells

answer

TH1 cells

question

innate immunity

answer

includes cilia, mucous membranes, and dendritic

question

humoral immunity

answer

immunological response brought about by antibody production

question

cellular immunity

answer

immunological response that kills infected host cells

question

immature B cells

answer

use BCRs to recognize epitope; first step in clonal selection

question

dendritic cells

answer

phagocytes that engulf anything foreign; eventually display epitope to helper T cells using MHC I or II

question

Th cells

answer

lymphocytes that activate B cells and CTLs

question

memory cells

answer

differentiated B cells that are stored in lymph nodes to provide protection against future infection by the same pathogen

question

plasma cells

answer

produce and secrete antibodies

question

Tc cells

answer

kill infected host cells

question

An individual may be exposed to a pathogen and become infected without actually getting sick. This is known as a subclinical infection. Even in subclinical infections, the individual's adaptive immune system can generate memory for the pathogen. What type of adaptive immunity is this?
An individual may be exposed to a pathogen and become infected without actually getting sick. This is known as a subclinical infection. Even in subclinical infections, the individual's adaptive immune system can generate memory for the pathogen. What type of adaptive immunity is this?
artificially acquired active immunity
naturally acquired passive immunity
naturally acquired active immunity
artificially acquired passive immunity

answer

naturally acquired active immunity

question

Which cytokines are believed to contribute to autoimmune disease, such as rheumatoid arthritis?
Which cytokines are believed to contribute to autoimmune disease, such as rheumatoid arthritis?
hematopoietic cytokines
interferons
tumor necrosis factor (TNF)
chemokines

answer

tumor necrosis factor (TNF)
The tumor necrosis factor (TNF) family of cytokines are the ones that help to protect against tumors but also play a role in some autoimmune diseases.

question

Consider a helminthic infection in which an individual is colonized by a parasitic worm. The worm is too big to be engulfed by a phagocytic cell. How does the immune system respond?
Consider a helminthic infection in which an individual is colonized by a parasitic worm. The worm is too big to be engulfed by a phagocytic cell. How does the immune system respond?
Antibodies bind to the worm and disrupt its plasma membrane.
Blood flow is reduced to the area, which starves the worm of nutrients.
Numerous phagocytes work cooperatively to ingest the worm.
The worm gets coated with antibodies, which activate other cells in the immune system to secrete chemicals that kill it.

answer

The worm gets coated with antibodies, which activate other cells in the immune system to secrete chemicals that kill it.

question

Which of the following statements concerning immunological memory is true?
Which of the following statements concerning immunological memory is true?
Antibodies produced in response to a secondary infection are mostly IgM.
The memory response involves only B cells.
The memory response is due to production of long-lived cells that can respond very rapidly upon second exposure.
The memory response is usually faster but not as strong.

answer

The memory response is due to production of long-lived cells that can respond very rapidly upon second exposure.

question

What does a vaccine contain?
What does a vaccine contain?
B cells against a pathogen
Live active pathogens
Weakened or killed pathogen or parts of a pathogen
T cells against a pathogen

answer

Weakened or killed pathogen or parts of a pathogen

question

When a person has previously been vaccinated against a viral pathogen, which cells are activated if that same pathogen re-enters the host's cells months or years later?
When a person has previously been vaccinated against a viral pathogen, which cells are activated if that same pathogen re-enters the host's cells months or years later?
Memory B cells
Helper T cells
Memory cytotoxic T cells
Bacterial pathogens

answer

Memory cytotoxic T cells

question

What is the primary benefit of vaccination?
What is the primary benefit of vaccination?
Unvaccinated persons can never mount an immune response to a pathogen.
An immune response will occur quicker upon future exposure to the pathogen.
Vaccines provide antibodies against the pathogen that persist forever in the body.
Vaccinated persons get used to the symptoms of a disease.

answer

An immune response will occur quicker upon future exposure to the pathogen.

question

Which type of vaccine could possibly cause a person to develop the disease?
Which type of vaccine could possibly cause a person to develop the disease?
Attenuated live vaccine
Toxoid vaccine and inactivated killed vaccine
Toxoid vaccine
Inactivated killed vaccine

answer

Attenuated live vaccine

question

What is the hallmark of a conjugated vaccine?
What is the hallmark of a conjugated vaccine?
They contain the DNA from a pathogenic virus.
They contain only the non-pathogenic elements of a pathogen, not the entire cell.
These vaccines contain weakly antigenic elements plus a more potent antigenic protein.

answer

These vaccines contain weakly antigenic elements plus a more potent antigenic protein.

question

The influenza vaccine is an example of a(n)
The influenza vaccine is an example of a(n)
toxoid vaccine.
conjugated vaccine.
DNA vaccine.
inactivated killed vaccine.

answer

inactivated killed vaccine.

question

What is the function of boosters?
What is the function of boosters?
Boosters are injections that are given periodically to maintain immunity.
Boosters are vaccines containing no pathogenic portions of the pathogen.
Boosters are the highly antigenic portions of the conjugated vaccines.
Boosters help to kill the pathogens used in inactivated killed vaccines.

answer

Boosters are injections that are given periodically to maintain immunity.

question

The Hepatitis B vaccine is which type of vaccine?
The Hepatitis B vaccine is which type of vaccine?
Inactivated killed vaccine
Toxoid vaccine
Subunit vaccine
DNA vaccine

answer

Subunit vaccine

question

BCG is a vaccine against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The vaccine is composed of a live Mycobacterium bovis variant called bacillus of Calmette and Guerin. This is an example of which type of vaccine?
BCG is a vaccine against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The vaccine is composed of a live Mycobacterium bovis variant called bacillus of Calmette and Guerin. This is an example of which type of vaccine?
toxoid vaccine
inactivated whole agent vaccine
subunit vaccine
attenuated whole agent vaccine

answer

attenuated whole agent vaccine

question

To vaccinate children against the bacterial infection diphtheria, pure diphtheria toxin is chemically modified and injected as a vaccine. This is an example of which type of vaccine?
To vaccinate children against the bacterial infection diphtheria, pure diphtheria toxin is chemically modified and injected as a vaccine. This is an example of which type of vaccine?
attenuated whole agent vaccine
inactivated whole agent vaccine
subunit vaccine
toxoid vaccine

answer

toxoid vaccine

question

Patients can receive one of two different types of influenza vaccine, both of which use whole viruses. The nasal spray uses live virus and is an example of a(n) ________ vaccine, while the injection uses killed virus and is an example of a(n)___________ vaccine.
Patients can receive one of two different types of influenza vaccine, both of which use whole viruses. The nasal spray uses live virus and is an example of a(n) ________ vaccine, while the injection uses killed virus and is an example of a(n)___________ vaccine.
subunit, attenuated whole agent
inactivated whole agent, attenuated whole agent
attenuated whole agent, inactivated whole agent
attenuated whole agent, subunit

answer

attenuated whole agent, inactivated whole agent

question

Which of the following best describes vaccination?
Which of the following best describes vaccination?
An individual is exposed to a killed pathogen, an inactivated pathogen, or a component of a pathogen. The individual is protected from subsequent exposures because the body produces macrophages that live a long time and can remember the pathogen.
An individual is exposed to a killed pathogen, an inactivated pathogen, or a component of a pathogen. The individual is protected from subsequent exposures to the pathogen because the body has an inflammatory response, which protects the individual from subsequent exposures.
An individual is exposed to a killed pathogen, an inactivated pathogen, or a component of a pathogen. The individual is protected from subsequent exposures to the pathogen because the innate immune system is stimulated.
An individual is exposed to a killed pathogen, an inactivated pathogen, or a component of a pathogen. The individual is protected from subsequent exposures to the pathogen because the adaptive immune system is stimulated to produce memory B cells and memory T cells, which protect from subsequent exposures.

answer

An individual is exposed to a killed pathogen, an inactivated pathogen, or a component of a pathogen. The individual is protected from subsequent exposures to the pathogen because the adaptive immune system is stimulated to produce memory B cells and memory T cells, which protect from subsequent exposures.

question

Which of the following is NOT an advantage of using live attenuated vaccines?
Which of the following is NOT an advantage of using live attenuated vaccines?
They are usually highly effective.
They often do not require boosters.
They are usually safer than other types of vaccines.
They often produce a more complete type of immunity that includes both humoral and cell-mediated components.

answer

They are usually safer than other types of vaccines.

question

What is an adjuvant?
What is an adjuvant?
a chemical additive that increases the effectiveness of vaccines
a vaccine that contains only nucleic acids
a molecule physically linked to another molecule to stimulate antibody production
a chemical additive that increases the safety of vaccines

answer

a chemical additive that increases the effectiveness of vaccines

question

I have a new test for determining whether a patient is infected with the influenza virus. It is very specific but not very sensitive. What does this mean?
I have a new test for determining whether a patient is infected with the influenza virus. It is very specific but not very sensitive. What does this mean?
False-positives will happen frequently, but false-negatives will be rare.
Both false-positives and false-negatives will be rare.
False-positives and false-negatives will happen with high frequency.
False-positives will be rare, but false-negatives may happen frequently.

answer

False-positives will be rare, but false-negatives may happen frequently.

question

You are conducting a viral hemagglutination inhibition test. Which of the following indicates that a patient's serum has antibodies against influenza virus?
You are conducting a viral hemagglutination inhibition test. Which of the following indicates that a patient's serum has antibodies against influenza virus?
An antigen-antibody reaction will occur, resulting in precipitation.
Hemagglutination does not occur in a mixture of influenza virus and erythrocytes but does occur when the patient's serum is added.
Hemagglutination occurs in a mixture of influenza virus and erythrocytes and also occurs when the patient's serum is added.
Hemagglutination occurs in a mixture of influenza virus and erythrocytes but does not occur when the patient's serum is added.

answer

Hemagglutination occurs in a mixture of influenza virus and erythrocytes but does not occur when the patient's serum is added.

question

Which of the following is NOT a reason why monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) are useful?
They are uniform.
They are highly specific.
They can be produced in large quantities.
They are always highly sensitive.

answer

They are always highly sensitive.

question

__________ reactions are used to detect antibodies for relatively large pathogens, such as bacteria. For these tests, the antigen is mixed with the test sample at various dilutions. Reaction mixes are then monitored for the formation of visible aggregates.
__________ reactions are used to detect antibodies for relatively large pathogens, such as bacteria. For these tests, the antigen is mixed with the test sample at various dilutions. Reaction mixes are then monitored for the formation of visible aggregates.
ELISA
Agglutination
Western blotting
Precipitation

answer

Agglutination

question

Direct fluorescent-antibody techniques are frequently used to __________.
Direct fluorescent-antibody techniques are frequently used to __________.
detect antibodies in a clinical sample
produce monoclonal antibodies
detect microorganisms in a clinical sample
detect soluble antigens via the formation of aggregates

answer

detect microorganisms in a clinical sample

question

What is the purpose of conjugated vaccines?
What is the purpose of conjugated vaccines?
to provide protection against toxins
to provide protection against viruses
to provide enhanced immune response by mimicking a real infection
to enhance the immune response of children to polysaccharide antigens

answer

to enhance the immune response of children to polysaccharide antigens

question

Western blotting is best used for which of the following?
Western blotting is best used for which of the following?
to detect a specific protein in a mixture
to detect RNA fragments with specific nucleotide sequences
to detect very low amounts of nonprecipitating antibody in a sample
to detect DNA fragments with specific nucleotide sequences

answer

to detect a specific protein in a mixture

question

Which of the following does histamine NOT directly cause?
Which of the following does histamine NOT directly cause?
smooth muscle contraction
increased vascular permeability
anaphylactic shock
vasodilation

answer

anaphylactic shock

question

Which of the following would NOT be an example of a common allergen?
Which of the following would NOT be an example of a common allergen?
hay fever
dust mites
pollen
peanuts

answer

hay fever

question

A patient enters the emergency room with itchy, swollen hives. This is an example of a ___________ allergic response called __________.
A patient enters the emergency room with itchy, swollen hives. This is an example of a ___________ allergic response called __________.
localized; anaphylaxis
localized; asthma
systemic; urticaria
localized; urticaria

answer

localized; urticaria

question

Which of the following is FALSE concerning type II (cytotoxic) hypersensitivity reactions?
Which of the following is FALSE concerning type II (cytotoxic) hypersensitivity reactions?
IgM and IgG antibodies bind to antigens on foreign cells.
They are responsible for transfusion reactions.
IgE binds to mast cells or basophils.
Macrophage activity my lead to additional cellular damage.

answer

IgE binds to mast cells or basophils.

question

Assuming Rh compatibility is present, which of the following individuals would be able to receive donor blood from any of the four blood types (A, B, AB, and O)?
Assuming Rh compatibility is present, which of the following individuals would be able to receive donor blood from any of the four blood types (A, B, AB, and O)?
O
AB
B
A

answer

question

Which type of hypersensitivity is allergic contact dermatitis?
Which type of hypersensitivity is allergic contact dermatitis?
type III reaction
type IV reaction
type I reaction
type II reaction

answer

type IV reaction

question

Which of the following is a characteristic of rheumatoid arthritis?
Which of the following is a characteristic of rheumatoid arthritis?
Antibodies coat acetylcholine receptors at neuromuscular junctions.
Antibodies attach to receptors on thyroid gland cells.
Immune complexes of IgM, IgG, and complement are involved.
T cytotoxic cells attack joint tissue.

answer

Immune complexes of IgM, IgG, and complement are involved.

question

Which of the following is true concerning systemic anaphylaxis?
Which of the following is true concerning systemic anaphylaxis?
Injected antigens combine with IgE antibodies on the surface of certain cells, causing them to release histamines and other inflammatory mediators.
Systemic anaphylaxis frequently occurs as a result of exposure to inhaled allergens.
Asthma is a type of systemic anaphylaxis.
Anaphylactic shock results from an increase in blood pressure, which is caused by blood vessel constriction.

answer

Injected antigens combine with IgE antibodies on the surface of certain cells, causing them to release histamines and other inflammatory mediators.

question

Which of the following best describes graft-versus-host disease?
Which of the following best describes graft-versus-host disease?
Immune cells in transplanted bone marrow attack the cells of the host.
The cells of a host reject transplanted bone marrow.
A tissue transplant is rejected because the host's T cytotoxic cells are activated and kill the transplanted tissue.
Immune cells attack transplanted tissue in a privileged site.

answer

Immune cells in transplanted bone marrow attack the cells of the host.

question

Which statement regarding cancer immunotherapy is FALSE?
Which statement regarding cancer immunotherapy is FALSE?
Monoclonal antibodies are a promising tool for cancer treatment delivery.
Cancer immunotherapy is preferable to radiation therapy because it does not involve causing damage to healthy cells.
Cancer vaccines may be either therapeutic or prophylactic.
An immunotoxin is an antigen combined with a toxic agent.

answer

An immunotoxin is an antigen combined with a toxic agent.

question

Which of the following correctly lists the current distribution of HIV infection and AIDS in order of DECREASING prevalence?
Which of the following correctly lists the current distribution of HIV infection and AIDS in order of DECREASING prevalence?
Latin America, sub-Saharan Africa, Western Europe, Australia / New Zealand
sub-Saharan Africa, Australia / New Zealand, Western Europe, Latin America
sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America, Western Europe, Australia / New Zealand
sub-Saharan Africa, Western Europe, Latin America, Australia / New Zealand

answer

sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America, Western Europe, Australia / New Zealand

question

Which statement regarding the infectiveness and pathogenicity of HIV is FALSE?
Which statement regarding the infectiveness and pathogenicity of HIV is FALSE?
During latent infections, the provirus directs the synthesis of many new viruses.
Some cells that do not carry the CD4 molecule can become infected with HIV.
The ability of the HIV to remain as a provirus shelters it from the immune system.
Attachment of HIV to the target cell depends on the glycoprotein spike (gp120) combining with the CD4⁺ receptor.

answer

During latent infections, the provirus directs the synthesis of many new viruses.

question

Which of the following is a xenograft?
Which of the following is a xenograft?
the replacement of a human's heart valve with a pig's heart valve
transplantation of a kidney from a woman to her older brother
transplantation of a kidney from a woman to her twin sister.
transplantation of tissue from one area on a person's body to anther

answer

the replacement of a human's heart valve with a pig's heart valve

question

What is meant by selective toxicity?
What is meant by selective toxicity?
Chemotherapeutic agents should work on many different targets on a pathogen.
Chemotherapeutic agents should act against the pathogen and not the host.
Chemotherapeutic agents should work on certain types of pathogens.
Chemotherapeutic agents should have only one mode of action.

answer

Chemotherapeutic agents should act against the pathogen and not the host.

question

Why are chemotherapeutic agents that work on the peptidoglycan cell wall of bacteria a good choice of drug?
Why are chemotherapeutic agents that work on the peptidoglycan cell wall of bacteria a good choice of drug?
Bacteria are especially sensitive to these compounds.
They are less expensive that other chemotherapeutic agents.
Humans and other animal hosts lack peptidoglycan cell walls.
The drugs also work against DNA gyrase.

answer

Humans and other animal hosts lack peptidoglycan cell walls.

question

Why is polymyxin only used on the skin?
Why is polymyxin only used on the skin?
It can also damage living human cell membranes, but the drug is safely used on the skin, where the outer layers of cells are dead.
It is sensitive to degradation by acid, making oral delivery unsuitable.
It can disrupt the metabolic pathways found in humans.
It has no effect on bacteria that live in the GI tract.

answer

It can also damage living human cell membranes, but the drug is safely used on the skin, where the outer layers of cells are dead.

question

Quinolones and fluoroquinolones act against what bacterial target?
Quinolones and fluoroquinolones act against what bacterial target?
Cell walls
Bacterial ribosomes
Metabolic pathways unique to bacteria
DNA gyrase
Cell membranes

answer

DNA gyrase

question

Why is it difficult to find good chemotherapeutic agents against viruses?
Why is it difficult to find good chemotherapeutic agents against viruses?
Viruses infect both bacteria and human cells.
Viruses depend on the host cell's machinery, so it is hard to find a viral target that would leave the host cell unaffected.
Viruses are not cells, and therefore not sensitive to such compounds.
There is no effective way to deliver the drug to the virus.

answer

Viruses depend on the host cell's machinery, so it is hard to find a viral target that would leave the host cell unaffected.

question

If penicillin G is chosen as the best treatment for a given infection, what microorganisms are most likely the cause?
If penicillin G is chosen as the best treatment for a given infection, what microorganisms are most likely the cause?
fungi
viruses
gram-negative bacteria
gram-positive bacteria

answer

gram-positive bacteria

question

How do antifungal drugs such as miconazole and amphotericin B function?
How do antifungal drugs such as miconazole and amphotericin B function?
by inhibiting protein synthesis
by disrupting the plasma membrane
by inhibiting cell wall synthesis
by interfering with the processes of DNA replication and transcription

answer

by disrupting the plasma membrane

question

Which of the following is an antiprotozoan drug that interferes with anaerobic metabolism?
Which of the following is an antiprotozoan drug that interferes with anaerobic metabolism?
metronidazole
chloroquine
acyclovir
erythromycin

answer

metronidazole

question

Why is methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) methicillin resistant?
Why is methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) methicillin resistant?
It has an enzyme that destroys methicillin.
The bacteria are able to prevent entry of the drug into the cell.
It actively pumps the antibiotic out of the cell.
It produces a modified version of the molecule that is targeted by the drug.

answer

It produces a modified version of the molecule that is targeted by the drug.

question

Sulfanilamides interfere with __________.
Sulfanilamides interfere with __________.
anaerobic metabolism in protozoa
folic acid synthesis in bacteria
protein synthesis in helminths
protein synthesis in fungi

answer

folic acid synthesis in bacteria

question

Certain cancer cells have ABC transport molecules at the cell surface. These transporters use energy from ATP to move chemotherapeutic agents out of the cell. Which of the following do you think these transporters are most closely related to?
Certain cancer cells have ABC transport molecules at the cell surface. These transporters use energy from ATP to move chemotherapeutic agents out of the cell. Which of the following do you think these transporters are most closely related to?
beta-lactamase
altered porins
conjugation pilus
membrane pumps

answer

membrane pumps

question

A researcher creates an antibiotic that binds to a protein present only on B. anthracis (the causative agent of anthrax), lysing the cell from the outside. After a couple of years using this antibiotic, some resistant organisms are found. Which of the following best outlines the mechanism for development of this resistance?
A researcher creates an antibiotic that binds to a protein present only on B. anthracis (the causative agent of anthrax), lysing the cell from the outside. After a couple of years using this antibiotic, some resistant organisms are found. Which of the following best outlines the mechanism for development of this resistance?
cell division of B. anthracis > altered porins > resistant bacterium
cell division of B. anthracis > altered target > resistant bacterium
mutation in B. anthracis > altered target > resistant bacterium
mutation in B. anthracis > altered porins > resistant bacterium

answer

mutation in B. anthracis > altered target > resistant bacterium

question

A new bacterial molecule is discovered. This molecule binds to an antibiotic and facilitates the binding of a phosphate group, thus inactivating the antibiotic. Which category best describes the mechanism of antibiotic resistance conferred by this molecule?
A new bacterial molecule is discovered. This molecule binds to an antibiotic and facilitates the binding of a phosphate group, thus inactivating the antibiotic. Which category best describes the mechanism of antibiotic resistance conferred by this molecule?
conjugation
altered porins
bacterial enzymes
rapid efflux of the antibiotic

answer

bacterial enzymes

question

Which antibiotic is overcome by beta-lactamases?
Which antibiotic is overcome by beta-lactamases?
Tetracycline
Sulfonamide
Penicillin
Tetracycline, Penicillin, and Sulfonamide are all affected by beta-lactamase.

answer

Penicillin

question

How might efflux pumps increase antibiotic resistance in bacteria?
How might efflux pumps increase antibiotic resistance in bacteria?
Resistant bacteria may have a greater number of efflux pumps on their cell surfaces.
Some bacteria can decrease the specificity of their efflux pumps, increasing the number of different antibiotics the pumps can eliminate.
Some bacteria can change the chemical structure of the antibiotic.
Efflux pumps can never be modified to increase antibiotic resistance.
Resistant bacteria can have more efflux pumps, and can have less specific efflux pumps.

answer

Resistant bacteria can have more efflux pumps, and can have less specific efflux pumps.

question

Bacteria that are resistant to sulfonamide have enzymes that have a greater affinity for what?
Bacteria that are resistant to sulfonamide have enzymes that have a greater affinity for what?
PABA
Sulfonamide
Tetrahyrdrofolic acid
Tetracycline

answer

PABA

question

Why would an efflux pump for penicillin located on a bacterial cell membrane not be effective at providing resistance to the drug?
Why would an efflux pump for penicillin located on a bacterial cell membrane not be effective at providing resistance to the drug?
The efflux pumps would not stop penicillin from blocking metabolic pathways.
There are fewer efflux pumps on the cell membrane.
The cell membrane is the target of penicillin.
Penicillin disrupts the cell wall, which is located outside of the cell membrane.

answer

Penicillin disrupts the cell wall, which is located outside of the cell membrane.

question

Membrane transport proteins are required for which mode(s) of antibiotic resistance?
Membrane transport proteins are required for which mode(s) of antibiotic resistance?
Efflux pumps
Modification of a metabolic enzyme
Efflux pumps, beta-lactamases, and modification of porins all utilize membrane transport proteins.
Beta-lactamases
Modification of a porins

answer

Efflux pumps, beta-lactamases, and modification of porins all utilize membrane transport proteins.

question

What is meant when a bacterium is said to become "resistant" to an antibiotic?
What is meant when a bacterium is said to become "resistant" to an antibiotic?
The antibiotic kills or inhibits the bacterium.
The antibiotic is metabolized by the bacterium, providing more energy for growth of the cell.
The bacterium is neither killed nor inhibited by the antibiotic.
The antibiotic mutates in a way that benefits the bacterium.

answer

The bacterium is neither killed nor inhibited by the antibiotic.

question

When a patient is treated with antibiotics, __________.
When a patient is treated with antibiotics, __________.
mutations occur in all of the bacterial cells
sensitive bacterial cells multiply uncontrollably
the drug will kill or inhibit the growth of all of the sensitive bacterial cells
the drug will kill or inhibit the growth of all of the resistant bacterial cells
mutations will occur in the sensitive bacterial cells, but not in the resistant bacterial cells

answer

the drug will kill or inhibit the growth of all of the sensitive bacterial cells

question

The process of acquiring antibiotic resistance by means of bacteriophage activity is called
The process of acquiring antibiotic resistance by means of bacteriophage activity is called
transduction.
R-plasmid acquisition.
point mutation.
transformation.

answer

transduction

question

Which of the following mutations would not result in antibiotic resistance?
Which of the following mutations would not result in antibiotic resistance?
Missense mutation
Nonsense mutation
Silent mutation
Frameshift insertion
Frameshift deletion

answer

Silent mutation

question

R-plasmids are most likely acquired via
Check all that apply.
Check all that apply.
bacterial conjugation.
transduction.
transformation.
translation.

answer

bacterial conjugation.

question

Consider a Kirby-Bauer disk-diffusion assay. If you put penicillin and streptomycin disks adjacent to one another, the zone of inhibition is greater than that obtained by either disk alone. This is an example of __________.
Consider a Kirby-Bauer disk-diffusion assay. If you put penicillin and streptomycin disks adjacent to one another, the zone of inhibition is greater than that obtained by either disk alone. This is an example of __________.
synergism
antagonism
mutual exclusion
RNA interference

answer

synergism

question

What type of cell wall has teichoic acid?

answer

gram-positive

question

What type of cell wall has a thick layer of peptidoglycan on the outside?

answer

gram-positive (gram-negative have thinner layer that is b/w the outer and inner membranes)

question

What type of cell wall has lipopolysaccharides, which are responsible for symptoms related to infection?

answer

gram-negative

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