Micro 2123 Test 1 – Flashcards
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| Eukaryote vs Prokaryotes |
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| Prokaryotes lack defined nucleus |
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| Prokaryote groups |
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| Bacteria and Achaea |
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| Eukaryote groups |
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| Algae Protists Fungi Viruses |
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| Robert Hooke |
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| First to observe small microbes |
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| Van Leeuwenhoek |
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| discovers bacteria |
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| Pasteur |
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| Shoes that microbes do not spontaneous generate...also germ theory of disease |
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| Robert Kock's and Postulates |
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| Does it cause disease? Then must meet four criteria Microbes always present in sick beings Microbe can be grown in pure culture If Microbe is introduced into being then being becomes sick Same Microbe is re-isolateable |
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| Resolution |
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| Ability to distinguish two points |
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| Cocci Shaped |
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| Spheres found in bunches, chains, and quartets |
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| Bacilli Shape |
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| Sticks rods found alone or in chain |
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| Vibrois |
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| Bent rods |
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| Irregular shape |
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| Just know, nothing specific |
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| Bright Field Microscopy |
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| Simple form of magnification but requires visible light and lack of high contrast |
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| Steps of Gram Staining (Positive) |
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| 1.Add crystal Violet to Cells which stains the cell reversibly 2.Add iodine, a mordant that bonds CV to gram positive cells. 3.Wash with ethanol 4. Add counter stain and the cell remains dark purple |
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| Steps of Gram Staining (Negative) |
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| 1. Add CV which stains cell reversibly 2. Add iodine, mordant which yields nothing on gram negative. 3. Wash with ethanol which removes stain in gram negative cells 4. Add counter stain which stains gram negative cells |
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| Dark Field Microscopy |
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| Reveals small structures like Ribosomes and Flagella |
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| Gram Positive vs Negative Cell Wall |
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| Positive have think cell wall that absorbs stain while negative has thin cell wall |
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| Election Microscopy |
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| Reveals very small structures in depth |
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| The Bacteria Cell Envelope General |
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| Cytoplasm is surrounded by envelope. The envelope is made with a lipid membrane that makes semi permeable barrier that prevents chemical equilibrium with the outside world. |
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| Bacteria Cell Cytoplasm General |
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| Reaction Center. Contains Ribosomes. |
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| Bacteria Cell Nucleoid General |
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| Houses DNA, Enzymes, home of transcription process |
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| Cell Membrane Specific |
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| Made of a lipid bi layer. Hydrofilic Heads and hydrophobic tails. Head is a sacride while tail is a fatty acid chain. |
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| Bacteria Cell Wall |
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| Most Bacteria have. Peptodeglycian gives bacteria its shape and rigidity. The Beta 1-4 Bonds are the key. |
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| Storage Granules |
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| Intra Cellular deposits of material. Can be a number of things. Glycogen, PHB, Polyphosphate, sulfar, ec |
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| Fimbria and pili appendages |
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| Thin filaments of protein that are used for adherence. Essential for bacterial pathogenesis. |
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| Flagella |
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| Motility Structure. Long, helical protein filaments attached at end or over whole cell. Rotate to propel cell, driven by protien passage and pump. |
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| Chemotaxis |
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| Chemical driven movement with flagella. Attractants cause counterclockwise rotation. Repellents cause clockwise rotation. |
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| Electron Flow |
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| Drives all life processes. Drives ions in and out of cells, used to create ATP. |
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| Lithotrophs |
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| Use inorganic molecules to start electron transport train. |
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| Organotrophs |
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| Organic molecules are elctron donors. |
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| Ultimate electron Acceptor |
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| Inorganic Molecule - respiration - Oxygen Usually Organic Molecule - Fermentation |
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| Proton Motive force |
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| electrons are passed along a chain through a series of receptors while protons are pushed outside the membrane. Drives production of ATP, also can be used to drive movement. |
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| Phototrophs |
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| Intial energy for electron transports chain comes from light |
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| Chemotrophs |
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| Inital energy for electron transport chain comes from chemical sources. Mineral Oxidation. |
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| Autotrophy |
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| Cell makes own components by fixing inorganic carbon |
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| Hetrotrophy |
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| Cell makes components from organic molecules taken up |
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| Passive Diffusion |
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| Free flow, following gradeint of material, of molecules into the cell |
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| Facilitated Diffusion |
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| Transporters pass molecules in an out of cell, follows gradient. |
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| Uniporter |
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| Single Molecule facilitated diffusion & typically in one direction |
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| Active Transport |
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| Uses ATP energy to pass material into cell, transports against the gradient |
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| Symport and Antiport |
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| Active transport with the gradient: Symport Active Transport against the gradient: Antiport |
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| Phosphotransferase system PTS |
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| Active transport that modifies material as it enters cell. |
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| Bacteria Growth by Binary Fission |
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| Phases Lag-Cells synthesizing materials, not dividing Log Phase = Exponential Growth Stationary Phase - Cells no longer growing Death Phase - Death rate > growth Rate Nt=Starting * 2^nth (Generations) |
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| Biofilms |
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| Cells act together, can be mulitple species. the cells signal to each other - quorum sensing. Biofilms protect against dispersion and antibiotics. |
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| Exopolysaccharide EPS |
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| Used to hold the biofilm together |
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| Endospores |
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| Gram Positve Cells only - Defense mechanism that disseminates cells. Low water content. Dipicolinic acid DPA, responsible for cell toughness, traps water |
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| Mesophiles |
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| Typical bacteria have optimal growth range 20c to 40c, survivable at 15c to 45c roughly |
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| Psychrophiles |
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| Low temperature bacteria - have loose proteins and oil cell membrane from unsaturated fatty acids. |
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| Thermophiles |
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| High Temperature Bacteria - Very stable proteins, less fluid in membrane with saturated fatty acids |
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| Hyperthermophiles |
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| Extremely high temperatures, higher then boiling sometimes |
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| Psychrotrophs |
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| Can grow at extremely low temperatures, however not optimally |
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| Halophiles |
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| Survive high salt concentrations |
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| Barophiles |
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| Can survive high pressures |
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| Water activity |
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| Amount of water available for cell use |
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| Acidophiles and Alkalineophiles |
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| can survive high pH ranges, however must maintain near neutral internal pH |
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| Dvalue |
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| Time it takes agent or condition to kill 90% of a bacterial population |
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| Pasteurization |
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| Using heat to kill bacteria |
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| Steam Autoclave |
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| Uses pressure and heat to kill bacteria and spores |
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| Use of Cold |
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| Slows growth and preserves bacteria |
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| Filtration |
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| Removes microbes without killing them |
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| Disinfectant |
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| Kills microbes on a surface |
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| Antisepctic |
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| Kills bacteria on skin |
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| Antibodies |
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| used to kill specific bacteria inside a body |
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| Thylakoide Membranes |
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| Folded over protein structures where photosynthesis takes place |
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| LPS Lipopolysaccharide |
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| Gram negative envelope component. Hydrofilic O-polysaccharide head bonded to core polysaccharide bonded to fatty acid hydrophobic tail. |
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| Peptodeglycain |
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| Bacteria Cell Wall molecule different for gram positive and gram negative |
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| Peptodiglycan Gram negative |
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| Backbone chain (alternating N-acetyl muramic acid [NAM] and N-acetyl glucosamine [NAG]) Crosslinks bound to NAM: Gram negative (4 amino acids, crosslink between DAP and D-Ala) L-Alanine D-Glutamate Diaminopimelic acid [DAP] D-Alanine |
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| Peptidoglycan Gram Positive |
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| Backbone chain (alternating N-acetyl muramic acid [NAM] and N-acetyl glucosamine [NAG]) Crosslinks bound to NAM: ram positive (9 amino acids, crosslink being a 5-Gly bridge between L-Lys and D-Ala) L-Alanine D-Glutamate L-Lysine D-Alanine Glycine (5 of these as part of crosslink) |
