MCB 100 Chapter 5 – Flashcards
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| Metabolism |
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| Sum of biochemical reactions within the cells of an organism |
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| Catabolism |
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| Breaks down molecules and releases energy |
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| Anabolism |
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| Synthesizes molecules and uses energy |
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| Precursor metabolites |
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| Produced in catabolic reactions and used to synthesize all organic compounds |
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| Reduction Reactions |
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| Electrons are added to reaction - +2H or -O |
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| Oxidized molecule |
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| Molecule that donates and electron; if hydrogen – reaction is called dehydrogenation. |
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| Photoautotrophy |
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| Energy from light, carbon from CO2 |
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| Chemoautotrophy |
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| Energy from inorganic redox reaction, carbon from CO2 |
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| Important elections carrier molecules |
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| NAD+, NADP+, FAD |
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| Phosphorylation |
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| Addition of phosphate to a molecule, used to form ATP |
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| Ways cells make ATP |
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| 1. H+ -ATPase 2. Substrate-level phosphorylation |
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| Substrate-level phosphorylation |
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| Requires sacrifice of a chemical bond that has higher energy than the high energy bond of ATP |
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| Ways cells use ATP |
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| Substrate activation (used to attach amino acids to tRNA molecules) power cellular motion (flagella rotation, muscle fibers contract) |
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| Chemoheterotrophs |
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| Make energy via redox reactions |
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| Catalysts |
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| Increase rates of chemical reaction and are not permanently changed in the process |
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| Enzymes |
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| Organic catalysts, named for their substrates (molecules on which they act) – most are proteins |
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| Simple proteins |
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| Chain of amino acids |
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| Conjugated Enzyme |
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| Protein plus additional organic or inorganic molecules that are closely associated with the protein |
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| Apoenzymes |
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| Portions of enzymes that require one or more cofactors (or coenzymes if organic) |
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| Cofactor |
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| Small molecule that binds to an enzyme and helps to produce the catalytic activity |
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| Activation energy |
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| Amount of energy required to initiate a chemical reaction |
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| Active sites |
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| Places of the enzyme that substrates fit into in order to catalyze the reaction |
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| ATP |
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| 3 phosphate groups on adenosine, energy molecule of cells, energy released when it loses a phosphate to form ADP + free phosphate |
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| Competitive inhibitors |
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| Block active sites and block enzyme activity |
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| Glycolysis |
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| Splitting of a glucose molecule in a three stage, 10 step process – end result being two molecules of pyruvic acid and +2 ATP, +2 NADH molecules, costs 2 ATPs to start |
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| Kreb’s Cycle |
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| Series of reactions that result in the complete oxidation of (2) pyruvate to (6) CO2 8 molecules NAD+ reduced to NADH 2 ATPs are produced by substrate level phosphorylation |
