gibbs final – Flashcards
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Unlock answers| what are prokaryotic cell walls made of? |
| Peptidoglycan made of alternating NAM NAG |
| what is a prokaryotic cells capsule made of? |
| polypeptides and polysaccharides |
| What are the four types of prokaryote flagella? |
monotrichous(single) Lophotrichous(tuft) Amphitrichous(thru cell) peritrichous(all over) |
| what is the effect of temperature,ph and concentration of substrate, on an enzyme |
| temperature affects the shape of the active site, ph can denature the enzyme,the more substrate the more enzymatic activity untill all active sites are full |
what enzyme chops up rna primer and puts dna in place? |
| DNA POL II |
| What are the parts of a virus? |
| capsid,capsomer,envelope,and glycoprotein |
| What are the five stages of infection? |
A. incubation period-the time between initial infection and the occurance of first symptoms B.prodromal period-time period with mild symptoms C.illness- Most severe stage D.Decline- Body is returning to normal E.Convalescences-The patient is recovered |
| What are the three types of transmission of infectious disease? |
A.Contact Transmission-direct (person to person) indirect (fomites and droplet) B.Vehicle Transmission-Airborne (greater than 1meter), Waterborne Transmission(fecal oral,through skin),Foodborne transmission C.Vector transmission-Biological vectors, Insects and Arachnids
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| Name the three Granulocytes |
A.Neutrophil- a phagocyte most numerous B.Basophil- to fight worm infestations,main cause of allergies least numerous C.Eosinophils-Phagocyte |
| What are the three tpes of agranulocytes ? |
1.Lympocytes-mostly specific imm. except natural killer cells (Nk cells look for cells that no longer prod M.H.C. 2.Monocyte/Macrophages (monocyte in blood Mac in tissue) Are phagocytes and apc(antigenpresentingcells) 3.Dendritic Cells-Most efficient APC, Best phagocytes
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| What are cytokines? |
| Small prroteins, used in cell to cell communication,served as a chemical messenger |
| What are defenins? |
| Small peptides that punch holes in the paths. membrane is secreted by macrophages |
| What is the purpouse of the thymus? |
| To test Tcells to make sure they function properly |
| What is the steps to maturing a Tcell? |
| They enter cortex of thymus, tested by stromal and nurse cells mst be able to recognize self MHC1 or MHC2, if not apoptosis (killed)if they pass they move to medulla where they are tested by Dendritic cells and macs to make sure they dont bond to self antigens if do apoptosis, next they are tested to make sure they dont bond to tightly to MHC if pass all tests go on to secondary lymph organs |
| Where is MHC1 found Where is MHC2 found |
| MHC1 is found in all nucleated cells, MHC2 is found in macrophage/monocytes, dentritic cells, and B lymphocytes |
| What are the two types of T cells? |
TH cells TH1- these activate Tc cells and macs (cell mediated) TH2- activate Bcells (humoral) Tc cells- bind to cells with MHC1 and path. epitopes and kill them |
| What do B cells do? |
| Activated by Th2 cells turn into big plasma cells and produce antibodies, also can be antigen presenting cells |
| What are the two types of T lymphocytes? |
| Cytotoxic T cells and helper T cells |
| What are the coreceptors for the two types of T cells? |
| CD4 for TH cells and CD8 for TC cells |
| What are the two types of TH cells? |
| TH1 and TH2 |
| What does a TH1 do? |
| release IL-2 and gamma interferon, and cell mediated response |
| What does TH2 do? |
| release IL-4 and IL-10, and stimulate B cell response |
| How do TC cells kill infected cells? |
| Attach to MHC1 then they release perforins which make a hole in the membrane,then release granzymes which enters cell and causes apoptosis, The cd95 on both cells join and also causes apoptosis |
| What cell activates B Cells? |
| TH2 cells |
| What does TH2 cells release to activate B cells? |
| IL-4 and IL-10 |
| What does TH1 release to activate TC cells? |
| IL-2 and gamma interferon |
| What is the first antibody released by the B cell? |
| IgM |
| Name the five different kinds of antibody |
| IgM,IgG,IgD,IgE,and IgA |
| What are the four functions of antibody's |
| Agglutination,Neutralization,Opsonization, and Activation of complement |
| What are the two steps of type 1 hypersensitivty? |
| Sensitization,and Degranulation |
| What are the chemicals inolved in type 1 hypersensitivity? |
a)histamine b)kinins c)proteases d)Leukotrines e)prostaglandins |
| Wat are the two types of Type 2 hypersensitivity? |
1. Transfuion Reaction 2. The RH system |
| What is type3 Hypersensitivity? |
| When the ag and the ab come together and get stuck in tissue and attract mast cells and neutrophils,which causes degranulation and leads to inflamation and tissue damage |
| What does of type3 hypersensitivity cause? |
1. Hypersensitivity pneumonia 2.Glomerulonephritis |
| How does an ELISA test work? |
| You use special wells with ags stuck on bottom, add serum, wash and incubate, add abs from mouse that bind to human ab, wash and add reagents that will change color if positive |
| What is a passive immunity immunization? |
| When you inject the patient directly with antibodies |
| How do you use Recombinant DNA to make synthetic peptide vaccines? |
| Dissolve the path and take a preselected piece of DNA, open a plasmid and insert piece of DNA use ligase to join two together, Put plasmid in a vile of bacteria or yeast and use heat shock to cause transformation, grow the changed bacteria and get the ag from them |
| What does the drug B-lactams do? |
| Binds to penicillin binding proteins inhibiting the formation of the protein cross links between the NAM is cidal |
| How does the drug Aminoglycosides work? |
| It binds to the a site on 70s ribosomes changes the shape of the a site which changes shape of mrna which produces malformed proteins |
| How does the drug tetracycline work? |
| Blocks the a site stopping protein production |
| How does the drug Chloramphenicol work? |
| binds to the 50s sub unit stopping the enzymatic acitivity of making peptide bonds |
| How does the drug microlides work? |
| Binds and stops ribosome from moving to the next codon |
| Name the three types of anti-fungal drugs |
A. Terbinafide B. Azoles C. Polyenes |
| How does the anti-fungal drug Terbinafine work? |
| Taken orally or topically collects in keratonizes tissue,binds to the enzyme that turns lanosterol into ergosterol stops cell cycle |
| How does the anti-fungal drug Azoles Work? |
| Taken oraly or topically, binds to enzymes that change lanosterol into ergosterol stopping cell cycle. DOES NOT COLLECT IN KERATINIZED TISSUE |
| How does the anti-fungal drug polyenes work? |
| it binds to ergosterol and causes a pore in membrane which causes cell lysis |
| Why can the Anti-fungal drug Polyenes be dangerous? |
| it can bind to cholesterol as well causing our cells to die |
| How can you make polenes safer to use? |
| By putting it in a liposome |
| What are the three types of anti-viral drugs? |
| Nucleotide analogs,drugs that block entry into the cell, protease inhibitors |
| What are the two major pathogens in candida infections? |
Candida Albicans Candida Glabrata |
| Where can you get Candida infections? |
| Cutaneous,mucosal (yeast infection),oral thrush,and can get systemic |
| What pathogen causes most yeast infections? |
| Candida Albicans |
| Why are candida infections drug resistant? |
| Have many efflux pumps, otc drugs hve created stronger strains |
| Staphylococcus aures infections |
A.pimples,boils,carbuncles,urinary tract,impentigo,and scaled skin B.Systemic C.Bacteremia(in blood) D.Endocarditis(Heart lining, valves) E.Pneumonia F.Osteomyelitis |
| Streptococcus pyogenes diseases |
A.Pharyngitis(strep throat) B.Scarlet Fever C.Pyoderma(puss filled lesions) D.Erysipeals(in lymph nodes) E.Necrotizing Fasciits(flesh eating bacteria) F.Rheumatic fever(autoimmune,attacks heart valves) G.Glomerulonephritis(type III hyper,kidney damage ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; e |
| Streptococcus pneumoniae disease |
A.leading cause of bacterial pnuemonia B.Sinusitis(sinus infection with puss) C.Otitis media(middle ear with puss) D.Bacteremia(in blood) E.Endocarditis(heart lining F.Pnuemococcal meningitis(high rate of death) |
| Cloristidium perfringens disease |
A.Gas gangrene B.food poisoning(diarrhea and abdominal pain) |
| Clostridium tetani disease |
| tetanus toxin binds to ihibitory neurotransmitters,muscles cannot relax,lock jaw, you die because your diaphram cannot relax |
| Clostridium botulinum disease |
A.Food borne ingest toxin, toxin blocks muscle; contraction causes flaccid paralysis,die B.Infant, spores are ingested bacteria starts to grow rare cause of sids |
Mycobacterium tuberculosis pathology (primary) |
| inhalation(only need 10),Macs in alveoli phagocytize but cannot digest bacilli,bascilli reproduce inside mac and kill it,cell mediated response calls more macs and cycle repeats,forms a tight ball called a tubercle,caseous necrosis in center this becomes a stale mate forms ghon complex(calcium deposit) |
Mycobacterium tuberculosis pathology A.(secondary)B.(dissemated) |
A.Mycobacterium break out of tubercle, infection now reestablished,spreads to other parts of lungs B.carried to other parts of the body |
| Corynebacterium diptheriae pathology |
| Toxins get into cell by endocytosis,stops ribosome function killing cells |
| What bacteria gives you really watery sometimes bloody diarreah? |
| E.coli |
| E.coli pathology |
| oral fecal route,pili bind to epithelial cells,can produce enterotoxins in the intestines,uti normal flora in wrong place |
| S.typhimurium pathology |
| causes salmonellosis,found on eggs,passes thru stomach attaches to intestines,inserts protein into cell,induces phago by intestinal cells,reproduces in cell and kills it |
| What bacteria causes green diarrhea than turns mucusy |
| Salmonella typhimurium |
| Shigella pathology |
goes to large intestine attaches to epithelial cells and induces phag,reproduces in cells, invades other cells,forms abcess, does not invade blood |
What bacteria causes fibrous diarrhea with agonizing pain? |
| Shigella |
Treponema pallidum pallidum phases |
primary forms a chancre which is small painless and red,lesions last 3-6 weeks then go away Secondary rash all over body which does not itch after several weeks it goes away Latency no signs or symptoms Tertiary stage get gummas all over tissues found on nerve cells and in the brain |
| Chlamydia Life cycle |
1.Elementary body attaches to host cell,get phag, now in inclusion body 2.Inside the cell becomes a reticulate body, reproduce by binary fission 3.Back to elementary bodies,cause cell lysis, release elementary bodies |
| Chlamydia D,E,F,G,H,I,J,K disease |
| Sexually transmitted,Nongonococcal Urethritis,Asymptomatic in women,opthalmia neonaterum |
| Vibrio cholera pathology |
| Eat contaminated food,toxin gets into cells causing the secretion of electroytes,water follows,causes rice water diarrhea 20-30 times a day,lose 10 -15 liters of water a day,can cause coma and death |
| What bacteria causes rice water diarrhea? |
| Vibrio Cholera |
| explain dsDNA viral replication |
| goes to nucleus,some integrate with cells genome,transcribe RNA using viral DNA,translation takes place and proteins go back to nucleus,the VDNA replicates and joins the proteins for assembly |
| Explain +ssRNA viral replication |
Goes directly to ribosomes functioning as mrna, produces proteins, uses vrna polymerase to change from + to - to produce more +ssrna |
| What three enzymes do retro viruses come with? |
Reverse transcriptase(transcribe DNA from RNA) Integrase(puts vgenome into cells genome) Protease(cleaves RT and integrase) |
| Explain how a retrovirus reproduces |
| RT attaches to the rna and transribes dna,then replicates it,INT puts the DNA into cells genome,the cell transcribes the dna and makes rna,through translation proteins,and the enzymes are produced , this joins some rna left over from transcription and is assembled then protease cleaves RT from INT activating virus |
| Explain -ssrna viral replication |
| comes with vrna polymerase that turns it into +ssrna then goes to ribosomes as mrna |
| what are the six types of Herpesviridae |
1.herpes simplex 1 and 2 2.Varicella zoster (chickenpox) 3.Epstein bar(mono) 4.Cytomegalovirus 5.HHV8(roseola) 6.HHV8(Koposi sarcoma) |
| What are the three stages of a HHV-1 and 2 infection? |
1.initial infection-enters through cuts and abrasions,lesions may appear,infected cells fuse with noninfected forming a syncytium 2.Latency stage-goes to nerve cells,carried to sacral ganglia in genital herpes and trigeminal ganglia in oral herpes 3.comes out of latency-any kind of stress causes |
| Epstein-Barr virus disease |
Burkitts lymphoma Mononucleosis |
| Epstein-Barr pathology |
| gets into blood,invades B cells,B cells become large with multiple nuclei,the T-cells kill the infected b-cells |
| What does Epstein-Barr virus cause in the immunocompromised? |
| Oral hairy leukoplakia |
| Hepadnavirdae pathology |
| hep b, infects liver causes jaundice can cause liver cancer from asymptomatic to chronic infections lasting 20-40 years |
| What are the two types of HIV |
HIV 1-reproduces faster,found in europe and US HIV 2-replicates more slowly found in west africa |
| What type of cells does HIV infect? |
a.T-helper cells b.Macrophages c.Microglial d.smooth muscle e.Dendritic cells |
| What are the three stages of developing aids |
A.initial infection-release viruses all over 6months B.clinical latency-body produces abs,viral levals plummet,tc-cells kill Th cells,patient unaware 5-10 years C.Development of aids-body cannot keep making Th cells,Th count falls below 200/ul,immune system becomes impaired |
What is the most important source of transmission for hiv |
infected cells(wbc)-approximately 5000 infected cells per ml of blood, can be 10000 per ejaculate,can ce in wbc of vagina ; |
| Family orthomyxoviridae disease? |
| the flu two strains A and B |
What is unusual about the structure of orthomyxoviridae? |
| contains 8 -ssrna, also has envelope |
| what are the two major antigens on orthomyxoviridae? what do they do? |
1.HA-attach to pulmonary cells and cause phag 2.NA-hydrolisis your mucus |
| Family picornaviridae disease? |
common cold polio hepatitis A |
| Rhinovirus causes what? |
| common cold over 100 types |
| how do you get Enteroviruses-poliomyelitis? |
| oral fecal route,from lakes and pools, goes from intestines to brain, |
| what are the four types of polio? |
1.asymptomatic 2.minor polio(flu like) 3.nonparalytic(muscle spasms and back pain) 4.paralytic (affects motor cortex,causes paralysis) |
| Hepatovirus disease? |
| Hepatitis A found in fecal matter,can survive bleach, does not cause cancer |
| where is B-cells formed? |
| bone marrow |
| what is type 4 hypersensitivity? |
1.delayed hypersensitivity,allergic contact dermatitis(poison ivy) 2.graft rejection |
