Test Questions on final – Microbiology – Flashcards
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| Teratogen |
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| an agent that induces birth defects during embryonic development. Rubella and CMV. |
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| Viroid |
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| Infection particles smaller than a virus. no capsid. single specific RNA. cause plant diseases. |
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| Prion |
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| Proteinaceous infections particles. cause creuttzfeldt-jakob disease and kuru in humans. causes BSE in cows (mad cow disease) |
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| Virus families are given a name comprised of a Latin root followed by -viridae |
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| Picornaviridae |
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| "small" "rna" "virus" divided into 2 major groups: enteroviruses and rhinoviruses |
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| polioviruses |
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| affinity for nervous tissue transmitted in nose and throat discharges and in feces subclinical -- no symptoms (95% of people affected never have symptoms) 4-6% -- nonparalytic poliomyelitis -- fever, stiffness or pain in the neck muscles two types of vaccines: sabin - oral (100% effective) and salk -- 3 inner muscular infections (70-90% effective) |
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| hepatities A virus |
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| mode of transmission is fecal-oral spread. most cases result from close institutional contact, unhygienic food handling, shellfish, etc affects liver jaundice appears for 1-3 weeks. recover is 2-6 weeks |
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| hepatitis E virus |
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| mode of transmission is fecal-oral spread disease similar to HAV, but pregnant women have high mortality rate no vaccine |
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| foot and mouth disease virus |
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| communicable disease of cloven hoofed animals (esp. cattle) transmitted from cow to man and man to cow |
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| rhinoviruses |
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| cause the common cold spread by droplets, by discharges from the nose and throat, or freshly contaminated fomites (door handles, desks, etc) confers immunity for that virus but there are 100 types. |
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| paramyeoviridae: rubella (german measles) |
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| if occurs during pregnancy, causes severe fetal abnormalities vaccination - MMR at 15 months of age |
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| paramyeoviridae: hep C (flaviviridae) |
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| transmitted by infection of contaminated blood or body fluids |
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| paramyxoviridae: parainfluenzae virus |
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| causes croup, bronchiolitis, pneumonia |
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| mumps virus |
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| painful swelling of the parotid glands, although the salivary glands, testes, ovaries, and pancreas may be involved. in adults can manifest as orchitis. epidemics are prevalent during winter months in schools and military personnel. vaccine - MMR at 15 months age |
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| morbillivirus (red measles) |
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| causes measles -- most common acute communicable disease affecting children. vaccine: MMR at 15 months age |
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| pneumovirus: respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) |
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| major cause of bronchiolitis and pneumonia in infants less than 1 year old |
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| rhabdoviridae: rabies virus |
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| transmission occurs through infected animal bite dogs, cats, bats, skunks symptoms: severe headache, fever, depression and excitement |
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| orthomyxoviridae: influenzae virus |
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| the flu characterized by nasal discharge, headache, muscle pains, sore throat synthetic drug, amantadine, can prevent and help cure influenza cause by A strains. |
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| reoviridae: rotavirus |
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| intestinal viruses (gross diapers) |
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| retroviridae: retroviruses |
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| enveloped, single-stranded RNA viruses with reverse transcriptase that converts the RNA into double stranded DNA. oncogenic (cancer causing) |
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| human immunodeficiency virus (HIV types 1 and 2) |
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| causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) HIV antibody positive state w/ some combo of infections, fever, weight loss, neoplasms, diarrhea, brain dysfunction HIV originated in Africa high mortality rate in blood, semen, vaginal secretions initial infections create flulike illness: virus becomes latent, brings levels of T helper cells down & invades brain after incubation period of 2-15 yrs, infections occur including pneumocystis carini pneuymonia, serious diseases by protozoa, fungi, mycobacteria, and viruses treatment: AZT |
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| HTLV I |
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| human t lymphocyte virus I -- causes adult T cell leukemia or mycosis fungoides fatal cancer |
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| HTLV II |
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| causes hairy cell leukemia high mortality rate |
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| herpesviridae |
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| universal property of herpesviridae is latency. remains in host cells, usually neorons, for long periods of time but can still replicate |
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| herpes simplex type 1 |
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| causes fever blisters and cold sores treatment -- acylorvir (zovirax) |
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| herpes simplex type 2 |
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| after the lesion disappears, the vorus remains latent. recurrent genital herpes is frequent. treatment: zovirax |
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| varicella-zoster |
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| causes chicken pox. causes shingles |
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| cystomegalovirus (CMV) |
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| leading cause of birth defects. occurs in AIDS patients and transplant recipients |
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| epstein barr virus |
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| causes infections mononucleosis causes burkett's lymphoma in African children |
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| poxviridae: orthppoxvirus |
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| smallpox |
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| papovaviridae |
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| papillomaviruses: cause warts. genital warts. wart morphology ranges from tiny, flat, inconspicuous bumps to giant, branching cauliflower-like masses called condylomata acuminata. vaccination: gardasil. age 9-24 |
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| parvoviridae: parvovirus |
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| can surivive in soil for up to 2 years. causes fatal gastroenteritis in pups in humans: rash that resembles a slapped cheek. |
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| Hepatities B |
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| transmitted by transfusion of blood or blood products, syringes, saliva & sex causes chronic liver disease vaccine available |
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| Hepatitis D |
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| transmitted parenteral (host must be coinfected w/ hep B) Hep B vaccine is effective because coinfection is required. |
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| primary syphilis |
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| open lesion/ sore that is painless. (chancre) appear on genitalia 80% of time heals after 3-6 weeks diagnosed w/ darkfield microscopy treatment: penicillin |
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| treponema pallidum |
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| causative agent of syphilis. cannot be cultured in lab. humans are natural host and source. |
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| secondary syphilis |
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| red or brown rash that breaks out on all skin surfaces the MS department of health uses the rapid plasma reagin test for rapid detection of syphilis. treatment: penicillin |
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| latent syphilis |
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| bacteremia caused by treponema pallidum. can last up to 20 years. can cause blindness. |
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| tertiary syphilis |
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| very severe complications can result in cardiovascular syphilis, which can rupture aorta. can move to brain (neurosyphilis) |
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| congenital syphilis |
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| can pass from pregnant woman into placenta and be carried through fetal tissues. can lead to spontaneous miscarriage or stillbirth. children often have CNS problems. |
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| leptospira interrogans |
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| most often acquired when organism comes into contact through abrasions and mucous membranes can be found in the environment, esp. in water cnotamited fomthe urine and tissues of infected animals. |
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| thallus or colony (mold) |
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| aerial mycelium + vegetative mycelium |
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| aerial mycelium |
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| grow above agar surface. reproductive. |
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| vegetative mycelium |
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| grow below agar surface. |
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| hypha |
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| singular. branches growing off of mycelium |
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| mold |
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| reproduce by spores |
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| septum |
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| division in hypha. |
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| yeasts |
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| reproduce by budding |
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| blastospore |
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| simple budding forms in which daughter cell is abstricted from mother cell |
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| chlamidospores |
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| thick walled spores produced by rounding up & enlargement of terminal cells of hyphae. round spore forms on end and breaks off. |
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| arthrospores |
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| resulting from simple fragmentation of the mycelium in cylindrical or cask shaped thick walled spores all the mycelia fragmitize. lots of septae throughout. whole spore breaks apart |
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| colony of mold colony of yeast |
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| mycelial cottony mass resemble bacterial colonies |
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| conidia-spore |
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| microconidia: small spore macroconidia: large spore |
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| primary routes of entrance for agents of fungal disease |
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| #1: respiratory #2: cutaneous (skin) |
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| endothrix |
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| dermatophyte invades hair shaft |
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| ectothrix |
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| dermatophyte invades outisde hair |
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| superficial |
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| just below skin |
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| subcutaneous |
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| completely below skin |
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| systemic |
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| throughout the body |
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| tinea capitis |
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| ringworm of the scalp |
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| tinea pedis |
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| foot (athletes foot) |
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| tinea corporis |
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| body |
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| tinea barbae |
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| beard |
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| tinea cruris |
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| jock itch |
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| onchomycosis |
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| nail infection |
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| microsproum audouinii |
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| epidemic ringworm of the scalp in school age children. transmits from man to man |
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| microspourum canis (canine) |
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| causes tinea capitis and corporis with an erythemic (red) lesion. pups and kitties |
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| trichophyton mentagrophytes |
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| athlete's foot (jock itch) |
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| tinea versicolor |
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| skin disease superficial brownish scaly areas on light skinned persons lighter areas on dark skin causative agent: malasseziofurfur |
