Chapters 2&4 – Flashcards
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ionic bond |
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attractions between ions of opposite charge, one atom loses electrons and another gains electrons |
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covalent bond |
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forms when two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons |
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hydrogen bond |
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form when a hydrogen atom is covalently bonded to an O or an N atom in another molecule |
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inorganic molecule |
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lack carbon |
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organic molecule |
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always contain carbon and hydrogen |
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polar molecule |
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positive on one side and negative on the other, asymmetrical |
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non-polar molecule |
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symmetrical, charges cancel each other |
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acid |
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substance that dissociates into one or more H+ |
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base |
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substance that dissociates into one or more OH- |
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salt |
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substance that dissociates into cations and anions, neither which is H+ or OH- |
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pH |
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level of acidity or base between 1 - 14 |
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macromolecule |
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polymers consisting of repeating molecules |
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monomer |
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the smaller molecules that make up polymers, join by dehydration synthesis or condensation reactions |
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polymer |
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made up of monomers |
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dehydration synthesis |
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condensation reaction in which monomers join together into polymers while losing water molecules. This joining together by removing water, process is carried out by losing (-OH) from one of the monomers and (H) from another monomer |
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hydrolysis reactions |
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process in which water is used to split a substance into smaller particles, split by adding water |
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isomers |
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One of several compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures and therefore different properties |
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hydrophobic |
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does not combine with water |
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hydrophillic |
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combines with water |
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monosaccharide |
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simple sugars with 3 - 7 carbon atoms |
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disaccharide |
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formed when two monosaccharides are joined in a dehydration synthesis, can be broken by hydrolysis |
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oligosaccharide |
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consist of 2 - 20 monosacchrides |
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polysaccharide |
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consist of tens or hundreds monosacchrides joined by dehydration synthesis |
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glycerol |
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spine that fatty acids connect to |
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saturated fatty acids |
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have no double bonds between the individual carbon atoms of the fatty acid chain |
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unsaturated fatty acids |
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there is at least one double bond within the fatty acid chain |
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phopholipid |
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lipid made up of glycerol joined to two fatty acids and a phosphate group |
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steroids |
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contains four rings of carbon atoms |
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polypeptides |
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A polymer (chain) of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds. |
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peptide bonds |
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between two amino acids and formed by dehydration synthesis |
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conjugated proteins |
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protein that functions in interaction with other chemical groups attached by covalent bonds or by weak interactions |
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protein denaturing |
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proteins or nucleic acids lose the tertiary structure and secondary structure which is present in their native state, by application of some external stress or compound such as a strong acid or base, a concentrated inorganic salt, an organic solvent (e.g., alcohol or chloroform), or heat |
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primary structure |
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polypeptide chain |
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secondary structure |
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occurs when the amino acid folds and coils in a regular helix or pleats |
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tertiary structure |
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occurs when the helix folds irregularly, forming disulfide bonds, hydrogen bonds, and ionic bonds between amino acids in the chain |
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quaternary structure |
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consists of two or more polypeptides |