question

What results when when the equilibrium between human and microbe tips in the microbes favor?

answer

Disease

question

Recently it was learned that babies intestines are colonized in utero, why is that a surprise?

answer

Because it was thought that they uterus was sterile during embryonic development

question

How many microbe species is found in human breast milk?

answer

~ 600 species

question

A baby that is vaginally delivered is colonized by which 3 types of microbes?

answer

Lactobacillus, Prevotella, and Sneathia

question

What roles does Lactobacillus play on a newborn?

answer

It provides the enzymes to break down lactase, which is needed to digest milk.

And can later colonize the skin and protect the skin from disorders

question

What does HMP stand for?

answer

Human Microbiome Project

question

Can viruses be found in feces?

answer

Yes, we have billions in our feces

question

How many types of Fungi reside in our intestines?

answer

At least 100

question

A microbe whose relationship with its host is parasitic and results in infection and disease is called a?

answer

Pathogen

question

abnormal state in which all or part of the body is not properly adjusted or is incapable of performing normal functions
is called?

answer

Infectious Disease

question

Which term is used to describe an organism’s potential to cause infection or disease

answer

Pathogenicity

question

What is capable of causing disease in healthy persons with normal immune defenses

answer

True Pathogen

question

What is an example of a true pathogen?

answer

The flu
The plague bacillus
Malaria

question

What Causes disease when the host’s defenses are compromised or when they become established in a part of the body that is not natural to them

answer

Opportunistic Pathogen

question

Which type of pathogen is not considered pathogenic to a normal, healthy person

answer

Opportunistic

question

Name some opportunistic pathogens

answer

Pseudomonas and Candida albicans

question

What is considered a degree of pathogenicity

answer

Virulence

question

The relative severity of a disease caused by a particular microbe can be referred to as

answer

Virulence

question

What determines the virulence of a microbe?

answer

Establish itself in a host – entry by preferred portal of entry, adherence & colonization, penetrate/evade defenses

Causes damage

question

any characteristic or structure of the microbe contributes to its ability to establish itself in the host and cause damage can be called

answer

Virulence factor

question

If you introduced a virulence factor gene into a nonpathogenic pathogen, would it become pathogenic?

answer

Yes, disruption of gene should cause virulence

question

the route that a microbe takes to enter the tissues of the body to initiate an infection can be called?

answer

Portal of entry

question

microbe originating from a source outside the body from the environment or another person or animal is referred to as

answer

Exogenous

question

microbe already existing on or in the body – normal biota or a previously silent infection is called

answer

Endogenous

question

Exo means?

answer

Outside

question

Endo means?

answer

Within

question

What is the most common portal of entry for most microbes?

answer

Mucous Membranes

question

If a pathogen enters through a different portal than it normal does, is it still infectiousProvide an example

answer

Nope. The influenza virus will infect the host when enters through nasal mucosa but not if it is just sitting on the skin

question

Can a pathogen have more than one entry portalProvide examples

answer

Yes, Mycobacterium tuberculosis can enter through the respiratory tract and gastrointestinal tracts

And Streptococcus and Staphylococcus can enter through the skin, urogenital tract, and the respiratory tract.

question

ID stands for

answer

Infectious dose

question

The minimum number of microbes necessary to cause an infection to proceed is called

answer

Infectious dose

question

The smaller the ID the greater the ?

answer

Virulence

question

An ID of one single cell can be found in which disease?

answer

rickettsia.....bacterium spread through ticks

question

Which microbe takes 1 billion IDs to infect a host?

answer

Cholera

question

What is it called when microbes gain a more stable foothold on host tissues

answer

Adhesion

question

Name some examples of adhesion mechanisms

answer

Fimbriae (pili)
Surface proteins
Adhesive slimes or capsules
Viruses attach by specialized receptors
Parasitic worms fastened by suckers, hooks, and barbs

question

cells that engulf and destroy host pathogens by means of enzymes and antimicrobial chemicals are called

answer

Phagocytes

question

What do leukocidins do?

answer

Kill phagocytes outright

question

What does an extracelluar capsule or slime do?

answer

makes it difficult to for phagocytes to engulf microbes

question

What is the main purpose of virulence factors?

answer

To help establish itself within the host

question

Name 3 ways microbes cause damage to the host

answer

Directly through the action of enzymes
Directly through the action of toxins (both endotoxins and exotoxins)
Indirectly by inducing the host’s defenses to respond excessively or inappropriately

question

Which extracellular enzymes Dissolve the host’s defense barriers to promote the spread of disease to other tissues

answer

Exoenzymes

question

Which extracellular enzyme Enzymes secreted by microbes that break down and inflict damage on tissues

answer

Exoenzymes

question

The root -ase is indicative of what

answer

Usually if it ends in -ase it is an enzyme

question

Name some examples of exoenzymes

answer

Mucinase
Hyaluroindase
kinase
Cougulase

question

Which exoenzyme digests the protective coating on mucous membranes

answer

Mucinase

question

Which exoenzyme digests the ground substance that cements animal cells together

answer

Hyaluroindase

question

which exoenzyme causes clotting of blood or plasma

answer

Coagulase

question

Which exoenzyme dissolves fibrin clots

answer

Kinase

question

A specific chemical product of microbes, plants, and some animals that is poisonous to other organisms is called a ?

answer

Toxin

question

Neurotoxins attackNephrotoxins atttack
Enterotoxins attack?

answer

Neuro- CNS
Nephro= kidneys
Entero= intestinal tract

question

Hemolysins disrupt the cytoplasmic membrane of red blood cells.....Hemolysins are an example of?

answer

Toxins

question

Which type of toxin has a variety of systemic effects on tissues and organs.
AND
Causes fever, inflammation, hemorrhage, and diarrhea

answer

Endotoxins

question

What does LPS stand for

answer

Lipopolysaccharide

question

LPS is an endotoxin found where?

answer

In the outer membrane of GN bacteria cell walls

question

Name some examples of endotoxins that cause infections

answer

Salmonella, Shigella, Neisseria meningitidis, and Escherichia coli

question

When an endotoxin is released what are the symptoms

answer

fever, chills, weakness, aches, even shock & death (results of WBCs releasing cytokines)

question

Exotoxins are produced by what kind of species?

answer

GN and GP

question

Is tetanus an endo or exotoxin

answer

Exotoxin

question

What do we call accumulated damage due to pathogens leading to cell and tissue death

answer

Necrosis

question

How do viruses destroy host cells?

answer

By multiplying and lysing them

question

a disease identified by a certain complex of signs and symptoms is called what

answer

A syndrome

question

When subjective evidence of disease as sensed by the patient we call that

answer

A symptom

question

objective evidence of disease as noted by an observer is called what

answer

A sign

question

Infections that go unnoticed can be called 3 things?

answer

asymptomatic, subclinical, or inapparent.

question

What do we call a dormant state of microbes in certain chronic infectious diseases

answer

Latency

question

Give some examples of viral latency

answer

herpes simplex, herpes zoster, hepatitis B, AIDS, Epstein-Barr

question

Give some examples of bacterial and protzoan latency

answer

syphilis, typhoid fever, tuberculosis, malaria

question

What do we call along-term or permanent damage to tissues or organs caused by infectious disease

answer

Sequelae

question

Name some examples of a sequelea infection

answer

Meningitis: deafness
Strep throat: rheumatic heart disease
Lyme disease: arthritis
Polio: paralysis

question

The time from initial contact with the infectious agent to the appearance of symptoms is called what

answer

Incubation period

question

The majority of incubation periods can range between what?

answer

2 to 30 days

question

In broad terms, what kind of ranges are seen in incubation periods

answer

Hours to Years

question

1 – 2 day period when the earliest notable symptoms of infection appear
are called what?

answer

Predromal stage

question

Name some symptoms seen within the first few days of exposure to a pathogen

answer

Vague feeling of discomfort: head and muscle aches, fatigue, upset stomach, general malaise

question

What is it called when the infectious agent multiplies at high levels, exhibits greatest toxicity, becomes well established in host tissue

answer

Period of Invasion

question

When does a fever usually first show up?

answer

In the period of invasion

question

What is it called when Patient begins to respond to the infection and symptoms decline.
Patient’s strength and health gradually return due to the healing nature of the immune response

answer

Convalescent period

question

During the convalescent period the patient begins to feel better, but makes a stupid error at this point, what is that error!

answer

They stop taking their antibiotics

question

During the stages and periods of infection, which pathogen can be transmissible at all stages?

answer

Hep B

question

The Primary habitat in the natural world from which a pathogen originates
is called

answer

Reservoir

question

An individual or object from which an infection is acquired is called a what

answer

A transmitter

question

Can you give an example where the reservoir and transmitter are the same?

answer

Syphilis

question

In Hep A what is the reservoir and what is the transmitter

answer

Food is the transmitter and a human is the reservoir

question

an individual who inconspicuously shelters a pathogen, spreads it to others without any notice, and who may not have experienced disease due to the microbe is called a what

answer

a carrier

question

The majority of animal reservoirs are arthropods: name some

answer

Fleas, ticks, flies, mosquitoes

question

What kind of vector actively participates in a pathogen’s life cycle, serving as a site in which it can multiply or complete its life cycle

answer

Biological

question

What kind of vector carries the microbe more or less accidentally on its body parts

answer

Mechanical

question

an infection indigenous to animals but naturally transmissible to humans is called

answer

Zoonosis

question

Microbes that thrive in soil and water are called what?

answer

Saprobic

question

Are saprobic microbes harmful

answer

They cause little harm and can be beneficial

question

a disease in which an infected host can transmit the infectious agent to another host and establish infection in that host is called

answer

Communicable

question

Communicable is synonymous with what term

answer

Infectious

question

a disease that is highly communicable, especially through direct contact is called

answer

Contagious

question

Is Influenza contagious or communicable

answer

Contagious

question

Is leprosy contagious or communicable

answer

Communicable

question

Why is leprosy weakly communicable

answer

It has a slow growing bacteria
Incubation period can be 2 to 20 years

They actually have special agar made from armadillo skin to grow the bacteria on

question

an infectious disease that does not arise through transmission of the infectious agent from host to host
is called

answer

Noncommunicable

question

In terms of transfer, a disease is spread through a population from one infected individual to another is called

answer

Horizontal transfer

question

A disease that is transmitted from parent to offspring is called what

answer

Vertical transfer

question

Infections acquired or developed during a hospital stay are called

answer

nosocomial infections

question

How many cases of nosocomial infections happen each year

answer

2 to 4 million

question

How many deaths are a result of nosocomial infections

answer

90K

question

the cause of infection and disease
can be called

answer

Causative agent or Etilogic

question

A series of proofs that became the standard for determining causation of infectious disease is called

answer

Koch's postulates

question

Can Koch's postulate be used when polymicrobial infections are occuring

answer

Nope, cannot determine causation

question

Study of frequency and distribution of disease and other health-related factors in defined populations
is called

answer

Epidemology

question

Who laid the foundations of epidemiology

answer

Florence Nightingale

question

Total number of people afflicted with an illness within the population

answer

Morbidity rate

question

Measures the total number of deaths in a population due to a certain disease is called

answer

Mortality rate

question

infectious agent came from a single source, and all of its “victims” were exposed to it from that source
is called

answer

Point source epidemic

question

result from common exposure to a single source of infection over a period of time is called

answer

common source epidemic

question

results from an infectious agent that is communicable from person to person and is sustained over time in a population
is called

answer

Propagated epidemic

question

the first patient found in an epidemiological investigation is called

answer

the index case

question

Is the index case the first person with that illness

answer

Not necessarily, it could just be the person that was first noticed or brought attention to it

question

an infectious disease that exhibits a relatively steady frequency over a long time period in a particular geographic locale
is called

answer

Endemic

question

occasional cases are reported at irregular intervals at random locales is called

answer

Sporadic

question

When statistics indicate that the prevalence of an endemic or sporadic disease is increasing beyond what is expected for a population
is called

answer

Epidemic

question

spread of an epidemic across continents
is called

answer

Pandemic

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