Bacterial Growth, Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, and the ETC – Flashcards
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Unlock answersWHAT ARE THE 4 PHASES OF POPULATION GROWTH IN BACTERIA? |
LAG PHASE LOG PHASE STATIONARY PHASE DEATH OR DECLINE PHASE |
TRUE OR FALSE?
GROWTH IN BACTERIAL ORGANISMS IS STATIC |
FALSE, GROWTH IS NOT STATIC IN BACTERIAL ORGANISMS. |
THE PERIOD OF ADJUSTMENT OCCURS IN WHICH PHASE? |
LAG PHASE |
IN WHICH PHASE ARE THE BACTERIA TAKEN OUT OF THEIR ENVIRONMENT? |
LAG PHASE |
IN THIS PHASE, CELLS INCREASE IN SIZE NOT IN NUMBERS AND ARE METABOLICALLY ACTIVE |
LAG PHASE |
DURING THIS PHASE, YOU WILL FIND THE LEAST AMOUNT OF TOXINS |
LOG PHASE |
THIS PHASE IS KNOWN AS THE PERIOD OF GROWTH |
LOG PHASE |
DURING THIS PHASE, GROWTH IS EXPONENTIAL,THE POPULATION DOUBLES, GROWTH IS AT ITS MAXIMUM RATE, AND CELLS ARE NEARLY UNIFORM |
LOG PHASE |
THIS PHASE IS CALLED THE PERIOD WHEN CELL DEATH IS EQUAL TO CELL DIVISION |
STATIONARY PHASE |
DURING THIS PHASE, THERE IS NO INCREASE IN CELL POPULATION, AND THE GENERATION TIME INCREASES |
STATIONARY PHASE |
THE TIME BETWEEN CELL DIVISIONS IS CALLED ? |
GENERATION TIME |
THIS PHASE IS A RESULT OF INCREASED TOXINS AND DECREASED NUTRIENTS |
STATIONARY PHASE |
THIS PHASE IS CALLED THE PERIOD WHEN CELL DEATH IS GREATER THAN CELL DIVISION |
DEATH OR DECLINE PHASE |
THIS PHASE IS DUE TO THE NEARLY COMPLETE DEPLETION OF NUTRIENTS |
DEATH OR DECLINE PHASE |
HOW IS BACTERIAL GROWTH MEASURED? |
BACTERIAL GROWTH IS MEASURED IN POPULATION SIZE NOT PHYSICAL SIZE OF INDIVIDUAL BACTERIA |
TRUE OR FALSE? BACTERIA GROW UNIFORMLY |
TRUE |
WHAT ARE THE 3 METHODS OF BACTERIAL MEASUREMENT?
|
DIRECT MICROSCOPIC COUNT STANDARD PLATE COUNT DENSITY MEASUREMENT (SPECTROPHOTOMETER) |
WHICH BACTERIAL MEASUREMENT IS USEFUL FOR COUNTING CELLS THAT WILL NOT GROW IN CULTURES? |
DIRECT MICROSCOPIC COUNT |
WHICH BACTERIA MEASUREMENT IS ONLY USED TO COUNT VIABLE CELLS? |
STANDARD PLATE COUNT |
FEWER CELLS---->LESS TURBID----> ? |
LESS LIGHT ABSORBED OR MORE LIGHT TRANSMITTED |
WHAT ARE THE 3 METHODS OF PRESERVATION? |
PERIODIC TRANSFER OF CULTURE LYOPHILIZATION LOW TEMPERATURE HOLDING |
TRANSFERRING EXISTING BACTERIAL CULTURE FROM OLD NUTRIENT TO NEW TO CREATE A NEW POPULATION OF BACTERIA IS ? |
PERIODIC TRANSFER OF CULTURE |
FREEZE DRYING OF CULTURES IS ? |
LYOPHILIZATION |
AT WHAT DEGREE DOES FREEZE DRYING OF CULTURES OCCUR? |
-80 degree C |
WHAT ARE THE 3 ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS NEEDED FOR GROWTH? |
TEMPERATURE OXYGEN pH |
WHAT IS THE MOST IMPORTANT FACTOR INFLUENCING BACTERIAL GROWTH? |
TEMPERATURE |
WHAT ARE THE 3 TEMPERATURE RANGES FOR BACTERIAL GROWTH? |
MINIMUM OPTIMAL MAXIMUM |
AT WHAT TEMPERATURE DO PSYCHROPHILES GROW?
|
0-20 C |
AT WHAT TEMPERATURE DO MESOPHILES GROW? |
20-45 C |
AT WHAT TEMPERATURE DOES THERMOPHILES GROW?
|
ABOVE 45 C |
WHAT ARE OBLIGATE ANAEROBES? |
BACTERIA THAT DIE IN THE PRESENCE OF OXYGEN |
WHAT ARE OBLIGATE AEROBES? |
BACTERIA THAT CANNOT EXIST WITHOUT OXYGEN |
WHAT DOES FACULTATIVE MEAN? |
BACTERIA THAT CAN GROW IN THE PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF OXYGEN |
WHAT ARE MICROAEROPHILES? |
BACTERIA THAT REQUIRE OXYGEN IN LIMITED AMOUNTS |
MOST BACTERIA SPECIES GROW BEST AT WHAT TYPE OF pH? |
NEUTRAL pH |
BIOLOGICAL CATALYSTS THAT SPEED UP A CHEMICAL REACTION BY LOWERING THE ENERGY OF ACTIVATION IS A ? |
ENZYME |
TRUE OR FALSE? ENZYMES ARE KEY CELLULAR PROTEINS THAT MAINLY DETERMINE THE FUNCTION OF THE CELL. |
TRUE |
THE MINIMUM ENERGY REQUIRED FOR A CHEMICAL REACTION TO TAKE PLACE SPONTANEOUSLY IS ? |
ENERGY OF ACTIVATION |
TRUE OR FALSE? ENZYMES ALTER THE REACTANTS OR PRODUCTS OF A CHEMICAL REACTION |
FALSE, THEY DO NOT ALTER THE REACTANTS OR PRODUCTS OF A CHEMICAL REACTION NOR ARE THEY ALTERED BY THE CHEMICAL REACTION THEY CATALYZE. |
A REACTANT IS ALSO KNOWN AS A ? |
SUBSTRATE |
WHAT BINDS TO THE ACTIVE SITE OF THE ENZYME TO FORM AN ENZYME/SUBSTRATE COMPLEX? |
SUBSTRATE |
THE SPECIFIC SUBSTANCE ON WHICH THE ENZYME ACTS IS ? |
THE SUBSTRATE |
SMALL, NON PROTEIN MOLECULES ATTACHED TO THE ENZYME ARE CALLED? |
COENZYMES |
THE BASIC FUNCTION OF THIS IS TO TRANSFER MOLECULES, ATOMS, OR ELECTRONS FROM ONE MOLECULE TO ANOTHER ? |
COENZYMES |
ENZYMES ARE USUALLY NAMED FOR ? |
THE SUBSTRATE THEY ACT ON |
WHAT ARE 2 MAIN FACTORS THAT AFFECT ENZYMES? |
TEMPERATURE pH |
DRASTIC SHIFTS IN THE pH CAUSE WHAT TO HAPPEN TO AN ENZYME? |
DENATURATION |
DENATURATION CAUSE ENZYMES TO BECOME WHAT? |
NON-FUNCTIONAL |
ENZYMES ARE REGULATED THROUGH? |
INHIBITION OF ENZYME ACTION |
WHAT ARE THE 3 TYPES OF INHIBITION MECHANISMS? |
COMPETITIVE INHIBITION NON-COMPETITIVE INHIBITION FEEDBACK INHIBITION |
WHAT TYPE OF INHIBITORS COMPETE FOR THE ACTIVE SITE OF THE ENZYME AND CAUSE THE SUBSTRATE NOT TO HAVE ACCESS TO THE ACTIVE SITE? |
COMPETITIVE INHIBITORS |
WHAT NUTRIENT IS IMPERATIVE FOR BACTERIAL SURVIVAL? |
FOLIC ACID |
A MECHANISM USED BY THE CELL TO STOP THE WASTE OF CHEMICAL RESOURCES IS? |
FEEDBACK INHIBITION |
COLLECTIVE BIOCHEMICAL REACTIONS THAT TAKE PLACE INSIDE THE CELL IS CALLED? |
METABOLISM |
WHAT ARE THE 2 BRANCHES OF METABOLISM? |
ANABOLISM AND CATABOLISM |
WHAT DO ANABOLIC REACTIONS REQUIRE? |
ENERGY |
WHAT BRANCH OF METABOLISM SYNTHESIZES LARGER MOLECULES FROM SMALLER SUBUNITS? |
CATABOLISM |
WHAT 3 MOLECULES ARE PRODUCES THROUGH CATABOLISM AND WHAT DO THEY PRODUCE? |
ATP= ENERGY NAD= REDUCING POWER PRECURSOR MEATABOLITES = MICROMOLECULES THAT MAKE UP MACROMOLECULES THROUGH ANABOLISM |
THE REMOVAL OF ELECTRONS FROM AN ATOM OR MOLECULE IS CALLED? |
OXIDATION |
OXIDATIVE REACTIONS PRODUCE WHAT? |
ENERGY |
THE ADDITION OF THE ELECTRONS REMOVED FROM OXIDATIVE REACTIONS TO MOLECULES OR ATOMS IS CALLED? |
REDUCTION |
ADDITION OF ELECTRONS CAUSES A DECREASE IN WHAT? |
THE OVERALL CHARGE OF THE MOLECULE OR ATOM |
EACH REDUCTION REACTION IS COUPLED WITH WHAT? |
AN OXIDATION REACTION |
WHAT TYPE OF MACROMOLECULES ARE ENZYMES MADE OF? |
PROTEINS |
CELLULAR OXIDATION IS ALSO CALLED WHAT? |
DEHYDROGENATION |
THE REMOVAL OF ELECTRONS THROUGH THE REMOVAL OF HYDROGEN ATOMS IS CALLED? |
CELLULAR OXIDATION |
WHERE THE HYDROGEN GOES, THAT IS THE ELEMENT THAT HAS BEEN WHAT? |
REDUCED |
COVALENT BONDS THAT RELEASE MORE ENERGY ARE CALLED? |
HIGH ENERGY BONDS |
ENERGY MOLECULES FORMED FROM THE ENERGY RELEASED FROM BONDS BROKEN DURING OXIDATION REDUCTION REACTIONS ARE CALLED ? |
ATP |
WHAT TYPE OF GROUP IS ADDED TO A MOLECULE OF ADP TO FORM ATP? |
PHOSPHATE GROUP |
THE ADDITION OF PHOSPHATE GROUPS IS CALLED ? |
PHOSPHORYLATION |
ATP IS USED IN WHAT TYPE OF REACTION AND CREATED IN WHAT TYPE OF REACTION? |
ATP IS USED IN ANABOLIC REACTIONS AND CREATED IN CATABOLIC REACTIONS |
REMOVING A PHOSPHATE GROUP IS CALLED? |
DEPHOSPHORYLATION |
WHAT ARE THE 2 MECHANISMS OF PHOSPHORYLATION? |
SUBSTRATE PHOSPHORYLATION OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION |
WHAT MOLECULES ACT AS CHEMICAL CATALYSTS? |
ENZYMES |
WHAT DO CATALYSTS DO IN CHEMICAL REACTION? |
THEY SPEED UP THE PROCESS BY LOWERING THE ENERGY OF ACTIVATION |
ARE ENZYMES CHANGED BY THE CHEMICAL REACTION? |
ENZYMES ARE NOT ALTERED BY THE CHEMICAL REACTION THEY CATALYZE |
DO ENZYMES ADD ENERGY TO A CHEMICAL REACTION? |
NO, ENZYMES LOWER THE ENERGY OF ACTIVATION NEEDED TO START A CHEMICAL REACTION. |
HOW DO ENZYMES SPEED UP CHEMICAL REACTION? |
ENZYMES SPEED UP CHEMICAL REACTIONS BY GREATLY REDUCING THE ACTIVATION ENERGY NEEDED FROM A SYSTEM TO CATALYZE A REACTION. |
DO ENZYMES INTERACT WITH SEVERAL SUBSTRATE MOLECULES? |
NO, A PARTICULAR ENZYME (LOCK) WILL ONLY ACT WITH ONE OR A LIMITED NUMBER OF SUBSTRATES (KEYS). NO PRODUCT WILL BE MADE IF THE ENZYME AND SUBSTRATE DO NOT MATCH UP. |
WHICH PRODUCES MORE ENERGY, AEROBIC RESPIRATION OR FERMENTATION? |
AEROBIC RESPIRATION PRODUCES 38 ATP PER GLUCOSE WHERE AS FERMENTATION PRODUCE 2 ATP PER GLUCOSE |
WHAT IS THE BASIC EQUATION FOR AEROBIC RESPIRATION? |
C6H12O6 + 6O2 -->6H2O + 6CO2 + ATP
IN SIMPLE TERMS, 1 GLUCOSE MOLECULE AND 6 OXYGEN MOLECULES MAKE 6 WATER MOLECULES, 6 CARBON DIOXIDE MOLECULES AND 1 ATP MOLECULE |
ATP IS GENERATED WHEN HIGH ENERGY PHOSPHATES ARE DIRECTLY TRANSFERRED FROM THE SUBSTRATE OF THE ENZYME CATALYZED REACTION AND OCCURS IN GLYCOLYSIS AND THE KREBS CYCLE. THIS IS CALLED WHAT? |
SUBSTRATE PHOSPHORYLATION |
ELECTRONS ARE TRANSFERRED FROM ORGANIC COMPOUNDS TO ELECTRON CARRIERS BY THE PROCESS OF ? |
OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION |
WHAT MECHANISMS OF PHOSPHORYLATION OCCURS IN THE ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN? |
OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION |
BACTERIA IS CLASSIFIED WHAT 2 TYPES OF ENERGY? |
LIGHT ENERGY CHEMICAL ENERGY |
ORGANISMS WITH THE PREFIX "PHOTO" ARE CLASSIFIED AS HAVING WHAT SOURCE OF ENERGY? |
LIGHT ENERGY |
ORGANISMS WITH THE PREFIX "CHEMO" ARE CLASSIFIED AS HAVING WHAT SOURCE OF ENERGY? |
CHEMICAL ENERGY |
BACTERIA CAN BE CLASSIFIED BY THEIR SOURCE OF CARBON. WHAT ARE THE 2 TYPES OF CARBON CALLED? |
ORGANIC CARBON CO2 |
HETEROTROPHS ARE ORGANISMS THAT USE WHAT KIND OF CARBON? |
ORGANIC CARBON |
AUTOTROPHS ARE ORGANISMS THAT USE WHAT TYPE OF CARBON? |
CO2 |
ANOTHER TERM USED TO DESCRIBE METABOLISM OF THE CHEMOHETEROTROPHS IS CALLED? |
AEROBIC RESPIRATION |
WHAT ARE 3 WAYS THAT ATP IS PRODUCED THROUGH AEROBIC RESPIRATION? |
GLYCOLYSIS KREBS CYCLE ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN |
WATER IS THE REDUCED FORM OF? |
OXYGEN |
GLYCOLYSIS LITERALLY MEANS WHAT? |
SUGAR SPLITTING |
1 MOLECULE OF GLUCOSE IS SPLIT INTO WHAT? |
2 MOLECULES OF PYRUVIC ACID |
WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF GLYCOLYSIS? |
TO SPLIT GLUCOSE AND PRODUCE PYRUVIC ACID |
PYRUVIC ACID IS THE OXIDIZED FORM OF WHAT? |
GLYCERALDERHYDE |
HOW IS ENERGY PRODUCED IN GLYCOLYSIS? |
THROUGH THE SUBSTRATE PHOSPHORYLATION OF ADP TO ATP |
WHERE IS CO2 PRODUCED IN AEROBIC RESPIRATION? |
IT IS PRODUCED AS A BI-PRODUCT OF THE KREBS CYCLE |
WHERE IS H20 PRODUCED IN AEROBIC RESPIRATION? |
AT THE END OF THE ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN. |
SINCE PYRUVIC ACID CANNOT ENTER THE KREBS CYCLE DIRECTLY, IT HAS TO BE DECARBOXYLATED TO PRODUCE WHAT? |
CARBON DIOXIDE |
TRUE OR FALSE? ATP IS PRODUCED IN THE TRANSITION PROCESS OF THE KREBS CYCLES. |
FALSE, ATP IS PRODUCED IN THE 4TH STEP OF THE KREBS CYCLE. |
THIS IS RELEASED THROUGH A SERIES OF OXIDATION REACTIONS BY TRANSFERRING ELECTRONS TO THE CARRIER COENZYMES NAD+ AND FAD+ |
POTENTIAL ENERGY |
BY RELEASING POTENTIAL ENERGY, IT WILL PRODUCE WHAT? |
USABLE ENERGY |
HOW MUCH POTENTIAL ENERGY IS FOUND IN THE TRANSITION STEP OF THE KREBS CYCLE? |
10 |
WHAT ARE THE CARRIER CO-ENZYMES OF THE KREBS CYCLE? |
NAD+ AND FAD+ |
HOW MANY ATP ARE GENERATED IN GLYCOLYSIS FROM ONE MOLECULE OF GLUCOSE? |
2 |
WHERE DO THE NADH MOLECULES CREATED IN GLYCOLYSIS GO WITH THEIR ELECTRONS? |
ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN |
GLYCOLYSIS STARTS WITH 1 GLUCOSE MOLECULE THAT CONSISTS OF A 6 CARBON CHAIN AND 2 PHOSPHATE GROUPS AND ENDS AS WHAT? |
2 PYRUVIC ACID MOLECULES CONSISTING OF A 3 CARBON CHAIN AND 1 PHOSPHATE GROUP |
WHAT MOLECULE ACTS AS THE TERMINAL ELECTRON ACCEPTOR IN AEROBIC RESPIRATION? |
OXYGEN |
A COMPLETE CYCLE INVOLVES HOW MANY ROTATIONS OF THE KREBS CYCLE? |
2 |
A SERIES OF COMPOUNDS THAT TRANSFER ELECTRONS FROM ONE COMPOUND TO GENERATING ATP THROUGH OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION IS? |
ELECTRON TRANSFER CHAIN |
O2 (OXYGEN) IS THE FINAL ELECTRON ACCEPTOR PRODUCING WHAT? |
H2O (WATER) |
WHAT ARE THE 2 AEROBIC RESPIRATIONS THAT PRODUCE NADH? |
GLYCOLYSIS AND KREBS CYCLE |
FADH IS PRODUCED IN WHAT AEROBIC RESPIRATION? |
KREBS CYCLE |
HOW MUCH ATP IS PRODUCED IN THE ELECTRON TRANSFER CHAIN THROUGH THE REOXIDATION OF REDUCED NADH AND FADH? |
34 |
THE CONVERSION OF PYRUVIC ACID PRODUCED IN GLYCOLYSIS TO LACTIC ACID AND ETHANOL IS CALLED? |
FERMENTATION |
TRUE OR FALSE? FERMENTATION REQUIRES OXYGEN TO RELEASE ENERGY FROM SUGAR. |
FALSE, IT DOES NOT REQUIRE OXYGEN |
INSTEAD OF OXYGEN, WHAT DOES FERMENTATION USE AS ITS FINAL ELECTRON ACCEPTORS? |
ORGANIC MOLECULES |
TWO MOLECULES OF PYRUVIC ACID ARE REDUCED BY NADH TO FORM WHAT? |
LACTIC ACID |
WHAT IS FORMED THROUGH THE DECARBOXYLATION OF PYRUVIC ACID? |
2 MOLECULES OF CARBON DIOXIDE |
2 MOLECULES OF ETHANOL ARE PRODUCED THROUGH WHAT? |
THE REDUCTION OF ACETALDEHYDE BY NADH |
3 MOLECULES OF USABLE ENERGY EQUALS HOW MUCH POTENTIAL ENERGY? |
1 |
H2O AND ATP ARE THE END PRODUCTS OF WHAT AEROBIC RESPIRATION? |
ELECTRON TRANSFER CHAIN |
WHAT CAN PYRUVIC ACID BE CONVERTED TO IN FERMENTATION? |
TWO MOLECULES OF PYRUVIC ACID ARE CONVERTED TO TWO MOLECULES OF ACETALDEHYDE |