Ap Human Geography Unit 3 Study Guide Test Questions – Flashcards
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Extinct Language
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A language that was once used by people in daily activities but is no longer used.
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Franglais
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A term used by the French for English words that have entered the French language.
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Isogloss
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A boundary that separates regions in which different language usages are prominent
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Isolated language
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A language that is unrelated to any other languages and therefore not attached to any language family
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Langague
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A system of communication through the use of speech, a collection of sounds understood by a group of people to have the same meaning.
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Language branch
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A collection of languages related through a common ancestor that existed several thousand years ago.
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Language Family
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A collection of languages related to each other through a common ancestor long before recorded history.
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Language group
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A collection of languages within a branch that share a common origin in the relatively recent past and display relatively few differences in grammar and vocabulary.
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Lingua franca
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A language mutually understood and commonly used in trade by people who have different native languages.
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Literary tradition
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A language that is well written as well as spoken.
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Logogram
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A symbol that represents a word rather than a sound.
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Official langauge
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The language adopted for the use by the government for the conduct of business and publication of documents.
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Pidgen language
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A form of speech that adopts a simplified grammar and limited vocabulary of a lingue franca; used for communications among speakers of two different languages.
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Received Pronunciation
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The dialect of English associated with the upper-class Britons living in London and now considered standard in the UK
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Spanglish
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A combination of Spanish of Spanish and English spoken by Hispanic American
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Standard Language
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The form of language used for official government bushiness, education, and masscommunications
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Vulgar language
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A form of Latin used in daily conversation by ancient Romans, as opposed to the standard dialect, which was used for official documents.
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Agnosticism
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Belief that nothing can be known about whether God exists.
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Animism
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Belief that objects, such as plants and stones, or natural events, like thunderstorms and earthquakes, have a discrete spirit and conscious life.
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Atheism
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Belief that God does not exist.
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Autonomous religion
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A religion that does not have a central authority but shares ideas and cooperates informally.
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Branch
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A large and fundamental division within a religion
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Caste
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The class or distinct hereditary order into which a Hindu is assigned, according to religious law.
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Cosmogony
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A set of religious beliefs concerning the origin of the universe.
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Denomination
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A division of a branch that unites a number of local congregations into a single legal and administrative body.
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Ethnic religion
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A religion with a relatively concerned spatial distribution whose principles are likely to be based on the physical characteristics of the particular location in which its adherents are concerned.
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Fudamentalism
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Literal interpretation and strict adherence to basic principles of a religion ( or a religious branch, denomination, or sect)
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Ghetto
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During the middle ages, a neighborhood in a city set up a law to be inhabited only by Jews; now used to denote a section of a city in which members of any minority group live because of social, legal, or economic pressure.
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Hierarchical religion
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A religion in which a central authority exercises a high degree of control.
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Missionary
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A individual who helps to diffuse a universalizing religion.
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Monotheism
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The doctrine of or belief in the existence of only one god.
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Pagan
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A follower of a polytheistic religion
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Pilgrimage
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A journey to a place considered sacred for religious purpose.
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Polytheism
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Belief in or worship of more than one god.
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Sect
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A relatively small group that has broken away from an established denomination
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Solstice
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either of the two points on the ecliptic at which its distance from the celestial equator is greatest and which is reached by the sun each year about June 22 and December 22
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Synretic
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A religion that combines several traditions.
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Universalizing religion
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a religion that attempts to appeal to all people, not just those living in a particular location.
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Apartheid
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Laws (no longer in effect) in South Africa that physically different races into different geographic areas.
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Balkanized
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Descriptive of small geographic area that could not successfully be organized into one or more stable states because it was inhabited by many ethnicities with complex, long-standing antagonisms toward each other
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Balkanization
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A process by which a state breaks down through conflicts among its ethnicities
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Blockbusting
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A process by which real estate agents convince white property owners to sell their houses at low prices because of fear that persons of color will soon move into the neighborhood.
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Centripetal force
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An attitude that tends to unify people and enhance support for a state.
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Ethnic cleansing
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A process in which a more powerful ethnic group forcibly removes a less powerful one in order to create an ethnically homogeneous region.
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Ethnicity
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Identity within a group of people that share a distinct physical and mental traits as a product of common heredity and cultural traditions
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Genocide
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The mass killing of a group of people in an attempt to eliminate the entire group from existence.
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Nationalism
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Loyalty and devotion to a particular nationality.
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Nationality
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Identity with a group of people that share legal attachment and personal allegiance to a particular place as a result of being born there.
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Race
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Identity with a group of people descended from a biological ancestor.
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Racism
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Belief that race is the primary determinant of human traits and capacities and that racial differences preguduce an inherent superiority of a particular race
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Racist
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A person who subscribes to the belief of racism
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Sharecropper
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A person who works fields rented from the landowner and pays the rent and repays loans by turning over there landowner a share of the crops.
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Triangular slave trade
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A practice, primarily during the eighteenth century, in which European ships transported slaves from Africa to Caribbean islands, molasses from the Caribbean to Europe and trade goods from Europe to Africa.
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Artifacts
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an object made by a human being, typically an item of cultural or historical interest.
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Baha'i
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a monotheistic religion founded in the 19th century as a development of Babism, emphasizing the essential oneness of humankind and of all religions and seeking world peace. The Baha'i faith was founded by the Persian Baha'ullah (1817-92) and his son Abdul Baha (1844-1921).
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Bilingualism
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ability to speak multiple languages
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Contagious diffusion
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the rapid, widespread diffusion of a characteristic throughout the population.
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Cultural diffusion
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the spread of cultural beliefs and social activities from one group to another
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Cultural ecology
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is the study of human adaptations to social and physical environments.
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Cultural geography
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is a sub-field within human geography. Cultural geography is the study of cultural products and norms and their variations across and relations to spaces and places.
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Cultural hearths
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is any place where certain related changes in land-use appeared due to human domestication of plants and animals.
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Cultural Landscape
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a geographic area,including both cultural and natural resources and the wildlife or domestic animals therein, associated with a historic event, activity, or person or exhibiting other cultural or aesthetic values."
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Cultural transmition
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the way a group of people or animals within a society or culture tend to learn and pass on information. Learning styles are greatly influenced by how a culture socializes with its children and young people.
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Culture Complex
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a group of culture traits all interrelated and dominated by one essential trait: Nationalism is a culture complex. culture center.
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Culture region
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geographical area with one relatively homogeneous human activity or complex of activities
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culture system
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interaction of different elements of culture. While a cultural system is quite different from a social system, sometimes both systems together are referred to as the sociocultural system.
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disporas
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Jews living outside Israel.
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Mahayana
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one of the two major traditions of Buddhism, now practiced in a variety of forms especially in China, Tibet, Japan, and Korea. The tradition emerged around the 1st century AD and is typically concerned with altruistically oriented spiritual practice as embodied in the ideal of the bodhisattva.
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Marxism
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The political and economic philosophy of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in which the concept of class struggle plays a central role in understanding society's allegedly inevitable development from bourgeois oppression under capitalism to a socialist and ultimately classless society.
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transculturation
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term coined by Cuban anthropologist Fernando Ortiz in 1947 to describe the phenomenon of merging and converging cultures.
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theraveda
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the more conservative of the two major traditions of Buddhism (the other being Mahayana), and a school of Hinayana Buddhism. It is practiced mainly in Sri Lanka, Burma (Myanmar), Thailand, Cambodia, and Laos.
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Tantrayana
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the mixed form of Buddhism practiced in Tibet, adding to ideas from both major Buddhist developments doctrines and practices from Hindu Tantric sects and the native Tibetan religion of nature worship and magic called Bönism; it combines the Hinayana concept of emancipation through self-discipline and the Mahayana concept of philosophical insight into reality for the sake of others with uniquely Tibetan magical rites and mystical meditation.
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stimulus diffusion
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the spread of an underlying principle, even though a characteristic itself apparently fails to diffuse. Also, an idea or innovation sparked by an idea that diffused in from another culture. The specific trait may be rejected, but the underlying concept is accepted.
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