AP Human Geography Chapter 10 (Agriculture) – Flashcards
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Agriculture
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Art and science of producing food from the land and tending livestock for the purpose of human consumption
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vegetative planting
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Reproduction of plants by direct cloning from existing plants.
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seed agriculture
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Reproduction of plants through annual introduction of seeds, which result from sexual fertilization
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first agricultural revolution
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Dating back 10,000 years, the First Agricultural Revolution achieved plant domestication and animal domestication
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subsistence agriculture
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Agriculture designed primarily to provide food for direct consumption by the farmer and the farmer's family
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commercial agriculture
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Agriculture undertaken primarily to generate products for sale off the farm
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extensive agriculture
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An agricultural system characterized by low inputs of labor per unit land area
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intensive agriculture
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Small-area farms and ranches with high inputs of labor per acre and high output per acre
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second agricultural revolution
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modified tools, fertilization, improved food storage, tractors, machine harvesting, crop specialization
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third agricultural revolution
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currently in progress, development of genetically modified organisms
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miracle rice/wheat/maize
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Maize, wheat, and rice are the most produced grains produced world wide, accounting for 87% of all grains and 43% of all food. Maize staple food of North America, South American, Africa, and livestock worldwide, wheat is primary in temperate regions, and rice in tropical regions.
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hybrid crops
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Crops developed by combining genetic material from more than 1 population
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agribusiness
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Commercial agriculture characterized by integration of different steps in the food processing industry, usually through ownership by large corporations
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biotechnology
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A form of technology that uses living organisms, usually genes, to modify products, to make or modify plants and animals, or to develop other microorganisms for specific purposes
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genetically modified organisms
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An organism whose genetic material has been altered through some genetic engineering technology or technique. (GMO)
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roundup ready GMO's
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are crops genetically modified to be resistant to the herbicide Roundup
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quaternary and quinary sectors
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Employment consisting of trade, financial services, research, tourism, etc.
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monoculture
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farming strategy in which large fields are planted with a single crop, year after year
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shifting cultivation
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A form of subsistence agriculture in which people shift activity from one field to another; each field is used for crops for a relatively few years and left fallow for a relatively long period.
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slash-and-burn agriculture
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Another name for shifting cultivation, so named because fields are cleared by slashing the vegetation and burning the debris.
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swidden
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A patch of land cleared for planting through slashing and burning.
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pastoral nomadism
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A form of subsistence agriculture based on herding domesticated animals.
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sawah
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A flooded field for growing rice
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transhumanance
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The seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pastures
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milkshed
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the area surrounding a city from which milk is supplied
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horticulture
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Cultivation of crops carried out with simple hand tools such as digging sticks or hoes.
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mixed farming
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Raising several kinds of crops and livestock on the same farm
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Von Thunen model
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A model that explains the location of agricultureal activities in a commercial, profit-making economy. A process of spatial competition allocates various farming activities into rings around a central market city, with profit-earning capability the determining force in how far a crop locates from the market
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salinization
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A process in which mineral salts accumulate in the soil, killing plants; occurs when soils in dry climates are irrigated profusely
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desertification
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Degradation of land, especially in semiarid areas, primarily because of human actions like excessive crop planting, animal overgrazing, and tree cutting.
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factory farm
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a large scale facility that efficiently poduces animals in a controlled envierment.
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organic farming
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the use of natural substances rather than chemical fertilizers and pesticides to enrich the soil and grow crops
