question

annexation

answer

incorporation of a territory into another geopolitical entity

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apartheid

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the segregation of blacks in South Aftrica from 1948-1994

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balkanization

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the term used when referring to the fragmentation or breakup of a region or country into smaller regions or countries

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benelux

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an economic union in Western Europe that compromises three neighboring countries: Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg

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border landscape

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there are two types: exclusionary, meant for keeping people out, and inclusionary, meant to facilitate trade and movement

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boundary disputes

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conflicts of the location, size, and extent of borders between nations; states arguing over their boundaries and how they function; (WITH THE NEXT FOUR CARDS)

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- definitional

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focus on the legal language of the boundary agreement

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- locational

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focus on the delimitation and possibly demarcation of the boundary

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- operational

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focus on neighbors who differ over the way their border should function

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- allocational

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focus on boundaries (especially on the sea floor) while in search of resources

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boundary origins

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boundaries often originated from old tribal lands and lands won in war; were meant to establish claims to land and were often small historically; (WITH THE NEXT FOUR CARDS)

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- antecedent

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boundaries that were defined and determined before the present day human landscape was developed

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- subsequent

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boundaries that evolved as the cultural landscape of an area took shape

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- superimposed

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boundaries that are forcibly drawn across a unified cultural landscape

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- relic

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boundaries that have ceased to function, but whose imprints are still evident on the cultural landscape

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boundary process

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the process that is needed to create a boundary; (WITH THE NEXT THREE CARDS)

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- definition

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a legal document or treaty drawn up to specify actual points in the landscape

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- delimitation

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putting the boundary on the map

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- demarcation

answer

actually marking the boundary on the ground with a wall, fence, post, etc.

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boundary type

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the different types of boundaries including natural/physical, ethnographic/cultural, and geometric; (WITH THE NEXT THREE CARDS)

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- natural/physical

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boundaries placed on recognizable physiologic features

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- ethnographic/cultural

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boundaries that coincide with differences in ethnicity

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- geometric

answer

political boundaries that are defined and delimited as a straight line or arc

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buffer state

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an independent but small and weak country lying between two powerful countries

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capital

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principle city in a state or country

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centrifugal

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forces within a state that divide people

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centripetal

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forces within a state that unify people

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city-state

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a sovereign state compromising a city and its immediate hinterland

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colonialism

answer

attempt by one country to establish settlements and to impose its political, economic, and cultural principles in another territory

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commodification

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the assignment of a commercial value to something previously valueless

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confederation

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a group of states united for a common purpose

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decolonization

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the acquisition, by colonized peoples, of control over their own territory

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devolution

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the transfer of certain powers from the state central government to separate political subdivisions within the state's territory

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domino theory

answer

if one country in a region chose or was forced to accept a communist political and economic system, then neighboring countries would be irresistibly susceptible to falling into communism

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exclusive economic zone (EEZ)

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established by the UNCLS, a zone of exploration extending 200 nautical miles (370 km) seaward from a coastal state that has exclusive mineral and fishing rights over it

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electoral regions

answer

the different voting districts that make up local, state, and national regions

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enclaves

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a piece of territory surrounded by, but not part of, a country

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exclave

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a piece of national territory separated from the main body of a country by the territory of another country

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european union

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an economic association established in 1957 by a number of Western European countries to promote free trade among members

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federal

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an internal organization of a state that allocated most powers to units of local government

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forward capital

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a capital city deliberately sited in a state's frontier zone

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frontier

answer

a zone where no state exercises has complete political control

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geopolitics

answer

the branch of political geography treating national power, foreign policy, and international relations as influences by geographic considerations of location space, resources, and demography

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gerrymander

answer

to re-draw voting district boundaries in such a way as to give one political party maximum electoral advantage and to reduce that of another party, to fragment voting blocks, or to achieve other non-democratic objectives

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global commons

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a place which no one person or state may own or control and which is central to life

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immigrant states

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a type of receiving state which is the target of many immigrants

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international organization

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group that includes two or more states seeking political and/or economic cooperation with each other

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iron curtain

answer

the military, political, and ideological barrier established between the soviet bloc and Western Europe from 1945-1990

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irredentism

answer

the assertion by the government of a country that has a minority living outside its former borders belonging to it historically and culturally

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israel/palestine conflict

answer

the ongoing dispute between the Jewish and Arab populations in the former Ottoman Empire region of Palestine

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landlocked

answer

a state that does not have a direct outlet to the sea

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law of the sea (UNCLOS)

answer

a code of the maritime law approved by the UN in 1982 that authorizes, among other provisions, territorial waters expanding 12 nautical miles from shore and 200 mile wide EEZ

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majority/minority districts

answer

in the context of determining representative districts, the process by which a majority of the population is from the minority; less than 50% white in race

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manifest destiny

answer

a future event accepted as inevitable

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median-line principle

answer

involves drawing a line equidistant from the closest mainland points of each of two adjacent countries

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microstate

answer

an imprecise term for a state or territory small in both population and area

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ministate

answer

a state or territory small in population

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multinational state

answer

a country without two or more nationalities within its borders

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multistate nation

answer

a nation that transcends the borders of two or more states

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NAFTA

answer

(North America Free Trade Agreement) an agreement for free trade between the United States, Canada, and Mexico

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nation

answer

a culturally distinctive group of people occupying a special territory and bound together by a sense of unity arising from shared ethnicity, beliefs, and customs

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national iconography

answer

the branch of art history which studies the identification, description, and the interpretation of the content of images

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nation-state

answer

a state whose population possesses a substantial degree of cultural homogeneity and unity

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nanavut

answer

a territory of northern Canada including part of the mainland west of the Hudson Bay and north of latitude 60 degrees north, islands in the Hudson Bay, and most of the Arctic Archipelago

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primate cities

answer

a country's larges city most expressive of the national culture and usually (but not always) the capital city as well

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raison d'etre

answer

reason or justification for existence

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reapportionment

answer

process by which representation districts are switched according to population shifts so that each district encompasses approximately the same number of people

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regionalism

answer

a feeling of collective identity based on a population's political territorial identification within a state or across state boundaries

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religious conflict

answer

problems cause by religion

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reunification

answer

to make one again

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satellite state

answer

a country which is formally independent, but which is primarily subject to the domination of another, larger power

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self determination

answer

the concept that ethnicities have the right to govern themselves

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sovereignty

answer

the right of individual states to control political and economic affairs within their territorial boundaries without external interference

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state

answer

a centralized authority that enforces a single political, economic, and legal system within its territorial boundaries

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stateless ethnic group

answer

an ethnic group without a state

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stateless nation

answer

a nation without a state

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suffrage

answer

the civil right to vote

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supranationalism

answer

when states willingly relinquish some degree of sovereignty in order to gain the benefits of belonging to a larger political economic entity

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territorial disputes

answer

disagreement between states over the control of surface area

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territorial morphology

answer

refers to the shape of a territory; has five types: compact, fragmented, elongated, prorupt, and perforated; (WITH THE NEXT FIVE CARDS)

question

- compact

answer

distance from geometric center is similar

question

- fragment

answer

two or more separate pieces

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- elongated

answer

long and narrow in shape which makes it difficult to govern

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- prorupt

answer

have an area that extends from a more compact core

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- perforated

answer

has two distinct territories

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territoriality

answer

an individual or group attempt to identify and establish control over a clearly defined territory considered partially or wholly an exclusive domain; the behavior associated with the defense of home territory

question

theocracy

answer

a government guided by a religion

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treaty ports

answer

a part kept open for foreign trade according to the terms of a treaty

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unitary state

answer

a state in which the central government dictates the degree of local or regional autonomy and the nature of local governmental units; a country with few cultural conflicts and with a strong sense of national identity

question

women's enfranchisement

answer

granting women a statuary right or privilege

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