question

How did the Greeks know the Earth was round?

answer

Aristotle knew because 1) clouds on horizon 2) eclipse of the moon 3) North star

question

how Mediterranean Scrub plants are adapted to heat

answer

i. small leaves ii. evergreen: same color always iii. light color iv. point up so sun won't hit directly v. use smell as defense

question

how Mediterranean Scrub plants are adapted to fire

answer

1) seeds won't open unless there is a fire 2) basal resprouting, which means plants do not die but tops do 3) turpentine 4) ribbon like bark

question

ITCZ (inter tropical convergent zone)

answer

1) clouds are warm air surrounded by cold air 2) defined by Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn 3) rainmaker that follows the sun

question

Orographic Precipitation, Rain shadow

answer

rain released on one side because moist air does not make it past mountain peak after rising; results in dry and wet mountain sides

question

epiphytes

answer

plant that lives on another plant

question

lianas

answer

woody vine

question

order of ancestors

answer

1) sea squirt 2) fish 3) reptile 4) shrew 5) primate 6) homo 7) homo sapiens

question

similarity to human DNA

answer

99.5% similar to humans 98.5% similar to chimps 50% similar to worm

question

Adam and Eve

answer

common mom and Eve: 140,000 BP Adam: 120,000 BP

question

megafauna

answer

competition is good, isolation = little completion, seen in islands 1) giganticism: animal gets bigger in isolation e.g. moa 2) dwarfism: has to shrink to survive e.g. pigmy mammoth 3) no fear: becomes naïve e.g. Dodo bird 4) loses defense and mobility

question

Paul Martin's Overkill or Munch Hypothesis

answer

people ate their way (mammals) so hunted to extinction

question

5 Megafauna that used to be in LA

answer

horse, camel, rhino, giant ground sloth, bears, bison, tigers, and lions

question

Megafauna in OZ

answer

huge wombats, kangaroos, tigers, lions, emu

question

population numbers

answer

1650 ½ billion 1820 1 billion 1930 2 billion (Grandparents) 1975 4 billion 2000 6 billion 2011 7 billion

question

Thomas Malthus Theory

answer

population growing exponentially while agriculture growing linearly in England, which will lead to starvation with famine in 50 years

question

How have family planning programs changed from the 60 and 70's to Now

answer

-centralized vs. local programs -mandated vs. voluntary -incentive based vs. access based -man focused vs. woman focused

question

What happen to Cuba Agriculture after the Soviet Union dissolved?

answer

turned to oxen and bikes, intercropping, natural fertilizers

question

Awesome Places for Population

answer

Iran and China

question

Bad Places for Population

answer

India, Pakistan, and Nigeria

question

Okay Places for Population

answer

Bangladesh, Egypt, Mexico

question

measles & tuberculosis

answer

Cattle

question

flu

answer

pigs and ducks

question

HIV/AID

answer

monkey, 1 in 300 in us

question

HPV/veneral warts

answer

30-50% in US, urban areas are 80%

question

herpes

answer

20%

question

syphilis

answer

less than 1%

question

ignore

answer

1 in 300 people in US

question

cloves

answer

Sulwesia (Indonesia)- Tree, flowers on end- Good

question

sugar

answer

New Guinea-grass-ugly

question

potato

answer

Andes-in ground-many varieties gone now, but generally good

question

cacao

answer

Andes-trunk of trees-ugly (monoculture bad, small shareholders good)

question

tea

answer

China-shrubs-monoculture bad, small shareholders good

question

coffee

answer

Ethiopia-shrub-shade coffee good, sun bad

question

rubber

answer

Brazil-tree-Brazil good, Malyasia ugly

question

bananas

answer

New Guinea-tree-monoculture bad (Puerto Rico)

question

apple

answer

kazakhstan-tree

question

orange

answer

China-tree

question

maize

answer

Central America-stalky plants-bad mono, good intercropped

question

wheat

answer

Iran-wheat stalks-bad mono, good intercropped

question

rice

answer

Rice: Southern Hymalayas- wet rice/dry rice- good in CA (time harvest with bird habits)

question

pineapple

answer

Paraguay- funny looking plant- mono bad

question

Opium Poppy

answer

Opium Poppy: Southern France, Spain, Switzerland- poppy flower- good

question

coco

answer

Andes-small tree (leaves)-good -Rich in calcium, phosphorous, iron, Vitamin A, Vitamin E -First in calories, protein, carbohydrates, fiber

question

zombie

answer

Poisonous pufferfish

question

number #1 cash crop

answer

hemp

question

exports from CA

answer

1) milk 2) grapes 3) almonds 4) strawberries 5) lettuce

question

cotton

answer

Indes Valley-shrub-organic good, monoculture bad

question

tobacco

answer

Americas-perennail-good

question

pros of genetically modified food

answer

1) large yield and nutrition = Green Revolution 2) resist diseases and pests 3) increase environmental tolerance 4) added vaccines to crop not needed

question

ethnobotany

answer

human's knowledge of plant

question

1891 Forest Reserve Act

answer

watershed protection

question

1960 Multiple Use and Sustained Use Act

answer

1) outdoor recreation 2) rangeland 3) timber 4) watershed protection 5) wildlife

question

1964 Wilderness Act

answer

9.1 million acres "wilderness"

question

clearcutting

answer

1) ID forest and sell to private companies 2) build a road by government 3) cut every tree 4) cable logging

question

problems with clearcutting

answer

1) soil erosion: lose soil 2) water runoff: sediment 3) herbicides: weed kills 4) plant monoculture: one tree 5) same age 6) decline in species, e.g. spotted owl

question

United States Department of Agriculture

answer

National Forest Service

question

Department of Interior

answer

1) National Park Service 2) Bureau of Land Management 3) Fish and Wildlife

question

1980s

answer

lost $1.3 billion because roads are expensive and need to restore soil

question

Nature Conservancy

answer

wealthy white males buy land for protection

question

Sierra Club

answer

founded by Muir, group that lobbies

question

Earth First/ELF

answer

activist group, try to protect forest in any possible way e.g. tree sitting

question

Redwood

answer

-tallest tree -today: 96%, 4% left, 2% private, 2% federal/state

question

sequoias

answer

largest tree

question

ancient bristle cone pine

answer

oldest tree (4800 years)

question

Roadless Area highways and logging roads in US

answer

1) 44,000 miles in highway in US 2) 380,000 logging raods

question

fire problems

answer

1) litter build up 2) open to closed forests 3) changes in composition 4) bugs and disease

question

fire types

answer

1) ground fires: burn on ground like cigarette, which is what we are used to having 2) crown fires: burn everything and goes higher, burning old growth forests

question

fire choices

answer

1) nothing: will have massive fire 2) thinning: government burns extra and turns them into energy, hard and costly 3) fire from fireman: controlled, mimics natural process but hard

question

pros of urban trees

answer

1) clean air 2) shade/climate 3) water runoff 4) aesthetics

question

cons of urban trees

answer

1) maintenance 2) hazards: can fall down

question

old growth forest

answer

1) trees of different size 2) snags (dead trees) 3) 300 years old

question

tropical vegetation types

answer

-mangroves: adapted to salt water -swamp: fresh water -tropical rain forests: tall trees, canopy -cloud forests: on clouds in mountains, epithets, trees, orographic precipitation -tropical day forest: dry reason that gets shorter -savannas: even drier

question

Why Tropical Forest lost over the last 50 years?

answer

-subsistence agriculture -commercial agriculture (plantations) -forest fires in Tropics -fuel wood -living fence

question

subsistence agriculture

answer

1) slash and burn to return nutrients into soil, forests just grow back 2) agriculture frontier: slash and burn without letting it grow pack, transmigrate programs that send people for better lives to colonize have huge problems e.g. Brazil, and Indonesia

question

commercial agriculture

answer

1) oil palm: collect orange and extract oil, worst one but in everything 2) coffee: bananas, cattle ranching 3) soybeans: Bolivia and Brazil

question

fuel wood

answer

cooking with wood from around area, men do commercially while women do it for the home

question

living fences

answer

plant trees along a road, outlines your territory

question

timber

answer

-mostly flowering plants: hard, colorful wood, worn rings -mahogany: beetles will it so no plantation -international tropic timber organization 1) makes sure wood is sustainable and certifies it 2) Home Depot switched and IKEA is good 3) Pier 1 Imports is bad

question

forest fragmentation

answer

selective Extinction, species area relationship, non-native invasions

question

selective extinction

answer

1) size of animal e.g. jaguar, tapir, harpy eagle 2) solid forests: evolve to dark environment 3) rare species

question

nonnative species are exotic

answer

1) in mainland, niches are full with completion, but in island not all niches are filled and there is no conceptions 2) Australia: cactus, rabbits i. built bunny rabbit fence longer than Great Wall ii. bring cane toad which kills everything 3) Hawaii: bring rats, which eat bird eggs so bring mongoose, which explodes

question

Biodiversity Hotspots

answer

-exceptional diversity and endemism -exceptional degree of threat -25 regions -covers 2.3% of Earth's surface, ½ of all plants, 42% of all vertebrae

question

World's Most Endangered Forest

answer

Hawaii

question

Why is New Caledonia interesting in a botanical sense?

answer

-ancient landmass that broke off Australia 85 million years ago and saved ancient plants that have gone extinct elsewhere -ancient ecosystem that occurs nowhere else in the world maquis scrub

question

What is the crested iguana of Fiji and why is it important?

answer

-restricted to tropical dry forest of Fiji -just discovered 30 years ago -got stuck on a log in south America and floated months to Fiji -critically endangered species restricted to 3 islands -peta, ranger who is no stranger to danger, protects largest populations

question

What is interesting about Native Fijian and Indo-Fijians?

answer

-rugby took place of war -Indo-fijians: British imported labor from Souterh Indian to work in sugar case fields, lived for more than 3 generations -almost 50% of population, political unrest, but asking younger generation, seem to be working it out

question

How do you reconstruct vegetation from Hawaii?

answer

-take sediment cores of lakes and examine the fossil pollen in the sediment -use coring device, can extract sediment -cut core into 1 cm section and add chemicals to be left with pollen slides -count pollen grains to identify to forests

question

What can be done to reforest the world's most endangered forest?

answer

-identify what historically occurred on the dry side of Hawaii, replant rare species, and protect these remaining fragments by removing nonnative species, preventing fires, and building fences

question

% of trees on Endangered Species list from worlds most endangered forest?

answer

45%

question

Grassland History

answer

Evolved Ecocene 37 mil. (new school) radiation of mammals herbivores

question

native California grasses and grasslands like

answer

-perennial -evergreen -bunch grass -70% biomass underground

question

non-native grasses and grasslands like

answer

-annual -brown -high density individuals -90% up top

question

buffalo

answer

-Old Megafauna that survived: 1800 68 million (Herd 25 miles, ) -1870-1875 2.5 million buffalo killed annually -1883 the last large herd containing about 10,000 buffalo was slaughtered -1890, less than 1000 buffalo remained in the U.S -Today 200,000 exist in public and private herds in the U.S. and Canada.

question

vernal pools

answer

-come to life in spring -historic Central Valley, Riverside, San Diego - Dries, Rings of different color plants, Rainbow -Central Valley hard pan. Depressions hold water -Winter rains and pond -200 sp. vernal places, ½ Endemic Impact: endangered species protect it

question

oak woodlands

answer

1) occurs in grasslands 2) 20 species in CA, 10 endemic 3) endangered due to development 4) sudden oak death: NorCal 5) gold spotted oak: SoCal

question

highly developed countries

answer

1) United States 2) Canada 3) Japan

question

moderately developed countries

answer

1) Mexico 2) Turkey 3) South Africa

question

less developed countries

answer

1) Bangladesh 2) Mali 3) Ethiopia

question

How many earths would we need if everyone consumed the same level as the United States?

answer

5 planets

question

Strategies of restoration project in Florida Everglades

answer

-controls on agricultural runoff -conversion of some agricultural land to marshes -reengineer area's entire system of canals, levees, and pumps so that a more natural flow of water will be restored to Everglades

question

Curitiba, Brazil

answer

example of compact development in moderately developed control

question

minerals

answer

elements or compounds of elements that occur naturally in Earth's crust

question

economic geology

answer

useful minerals

question

wildlife corridor

answer

protected zone that connects isolated unlogged or undeveloped areas; provide animals with escape routes if they were needed and allow them to migrate so they can interbreed; help certain wildlife populations persist

question

forest covers how much of Earth

answer

less than 1/3

question

sustainable development

answer

-maintains mix of forests of trees, by age and species, rather than imposing monoculture -conserve forests for long-term commercial harvest of timber and nontimber forest products -attempts to sustain biological diversity by providing habitats for a variety of species, prevents soil erosion and improve soil conditions, and preserve watersheds that produce clean water -cooperation among environmentalists, loggers, farmers, indigenous people, and local, state, and federal governments

question

sustainable agriculture

answer

-agricultural methods that maintain soil productivity and a healthy ecological balance while having minimal long-term impacts -preserve quality of agricultural soil: crop rotation, conservation tillage, and contour plowing -organic agriculture: use no pesticides or integrated pest management -agroecosystem cause fewer environmental problems -intercropping

question

IPAT equatiosn

answer

relationship between environmental impacts and forces that drive them I = P x A x T I: impact P: population A: affluence per person, which is a measure of consumption or amount of resources used per person T: environmental effects (resources needed and wastes produced) of technologies used to obtain and consume the resources

question

sustainable activity

answer

implies environment will function indefinitely without going into a decline from stresses that human society imposes on natural systems (such as fertile soil, water, and air_ that maintains life

question

Green Revolution

answer

using modern cultivation methods and high-yield varieties of certain staple crops to produce more food per acre of cropland; used commercial inorganic fertilizers, pesticides, and mechanized machinery

question

worst problem of pesticide

answer

forces farmers to apply progressively larger quantities of pesticides

question

nomadic herding

answer

livestock is supported by land too arid for successful crop growth, similarly to land-intensive form of subsistence; most continually move their livestock to find adequate food for them

question

voluntary simplicity

answer

recognize that individual happiness and quality of life are not necessarily linked to accumulation of material goods

question

worldview

answer

-commonly shared perspective based on collection of our basic values that helps us make sense of the world, understand our place and purpose in it, and determine right and wrong behaviors -lead to behaviors and lifestyles that may or may not be compatible with environmental sustainability -Western worldview: human-centered and utilitarian, beliefs of frontier attitude, which is a desire to conquer and exploit nature ASAP -deep ecology worldview: diverse set of viewpoints; understanding of our place based on harmony with nature, a spiritual respect for life, and belief that humans and all other species have equal worth

question

national forest

answer

established for multiple uses, including timber harvesting, mining, livestock foraging, hunting fishing, and other forms of outdoor recreation; water resources and watershed protection; and habitat for fishes and wildlife

question

national parks

answer

originally composed of large, scenic areas in West like Yellowstone, Grand Canyon, and Yosemite; today more cultural and historical sites than places of scenic wilderness; teach people about natural environment, management of natural resources, and history of site with nature walks and tours

question

national wildlife refuge

answer

most extensive network of lands and waters committed to wildlife in the world; mission is to preserve lands and waters for conservation of fishes, wildlife, and plants of US

question

What are the percentages of forest ownership in the USA?

answer

-private individuals: 57% -federal government: 20% -corporations: 15% -state and local governments: 8%

question

Tongass

answer

-one of world's few temperate rain forests -one of the wettest places in US, which supports old-growth forest -largest in National Forest System, which provides habitat for wildlife -prime logging area, which forms basis of much of the local economy -to cover high operating costs, rely on obtaining timber from federal government at below-market price -Tongass Timber Reform Act in 1990s, which forced timber interest to pay market prices, were bitterly opposed -compromise agreement in 1997 in 1997 provided timber to mills at market price, so clear-cut logging continued but at lower rates

question

Julia Butterfly

answer

-lived in a nearly 1000 year old, 180 foot tall California redwood for more than two years in the late 1990s to keep a lumber company from cutting the tree down

question

species richness

answer

number of different species in community

question

forest ecosystem services

answer

1) purify air and water 2) produce and maintain soil 3) absorb carbon dioxide (carbon storage) 4) provide wildlife habitat 5) provide humans with wood and recreation

question

grasslands

answer

1) purify air and water 2) produce and maintain soil 3) absorb carbon dioxide (carbon storage) 4) provide wildlife habitat 5) provide humans with livestock and recreation

question

bird friendly coffee

answer

-shade plantations that grow coffee plants in shade of tropical rainforest trees -supports a vast diversity of songbird species that winter in tropics -sun-grown varieties provide poor bird habitat

question

Oaks (Quercus sp.)

answer

USE: Acorns were the primary food source for a number of California Indians. Acorns were collected, leached with water in stream and basket to remove tannins (Wine) then heated with rocks for mush

question

elderberry

answer

USE: One of the richest sources of vitamin C! Stems used for arrow shaft and flutes. Raw berry can cause nausea, but dried or cooked are OK.

question

laurel sumuc

answer

USE: Indians would use the leave as mosquito repellent. Lemonade Berry (Rhus intergrifolia) has berries that are soaked and hairs removed to make pink lemonade.

question

yucca

answer

USE: The leaves are very strong and used for water proof baskets. The leaves were used as a needle and thread to make clothes and homes. The root is used for soap.

question

Cactus (Opuntia sp.)

answer

USE: The red fruits are edible but watch for very small spines. The green leaf can be cooked and eaten and is still commonly done in LA.

question

willow

answer

USE: The leave of willow is what they make asprin from and the Indians would chew them for toothaches.

question

California buckeye

answer

USE: The seeds were ground to a fine dust and put in the stream to catch fish.

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