Rubenstein AP Human Geography Chapter 10 Vocabulary – Flashcards

An industrialized, corporate form of agriculture organized into integrated networks of agriculture inputs and outputs controlled by a small number of large corporations.

States how population growth compels subsistence farmers to consider new farming approaches that produce enough food to take care of the additional people.

Prominent cultural geographer who identified the hearths of vegetative planting and seed agriculture.

Agriculture undertaken primarily to generate products for sale off the farm.

The practice of rotation use of different fields from crop to crop each year, to avoid exhausting the soil.

Degradation of land, especially in semiarid areas, primarily because of human actions like excessive crop planting, animal grazing, and tree cutting.

Domestication of animals for selling or using byproducts. (Helped us obtain meat with out having to go out and kill our food right before dinner).

When nothing is planted on a cleared field (shifting cultivation).

Rapid diffusion of new agricultural technology, especially new high-yield seeds and fertilizers (third agricultural revolution).

The growing of fruits, vegetables, and flowers.

A form of subsistence agriculture in which farmers must expend a relatively large amount of effort to produce the maximum feasible yield from a parcel of land.

Tillage between rows of crops of plants.

Non-subsistence crops such as tea, cacao, coffee, and tobacco.

The small scale production of fruits, vegetables, and flowers as cash crops sold directly to local consumers. Distinguishable by the large diversity of crops grown on a small area of land, during a single growing season. Labor is done manually.

Farming in the land surrounding the Mediterranean Sea (Southern Europe, North Africa, and Western Asia), also in lands with similar climates (California, central Chile, Southwestern South Africa, and Southwestern Australia). Sea winds provide moisture and moderate winter; land is hilly with mountains frequently plunging directly into sea. Growing fruits, vegetables, flowers, and tree crops are the main crops, while animals are grown under transhumance - kept on coastal plains in winter and moved to hills in the summer.

The area surrounding a city from which milk is supplied.

When humans got away from pastoral nomadism and started planting crops (first agricultural revolution).

Malay word for wet rice and commonly, but incorrectly used to describe a sawah (flooded field for growing rice).

A form of subsistence agriculture based on herding domesticated animals.

A large farm in tropical and subtropical climates that specialized in the production of one or two crops for sale, usually to a more developed country.

A form of commercial agriculture in which livestock graze over an extensive area.

Reproduction of plants through annual introduction of seeds, which results from sexual fertilization.

A form of subsistence agriculture in which people shift activity from one field to another; each field is used for crops for a relatively few years and left fallow for a relatively long period.

Another name for shifting cultivation, so named because fields are cleared by slashing the vegetation and burning the debris.

Agriculture designed primarily to provide food for direct consumption by the farmer and the farmer's family.

The level of development that can be maintained in a country without depleting resources to the extent that future generations will be unable to achieve a comparable level of development.

A patch of land cleared for planting through slashing and burning.

Was one of the first to argue that the worlds rate of population increase was far outrunning the development of food population. This is important because he brought up the point that we may be outrunning our supplies because of our exponentially growing population.

The seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pastures.

Commercial gardening and fruit farming, so named because truck was a Middle English word meaning bartering or the exchange of commodities. Predominant in Southeastern U.S.A, because of the long growing season and humid climate, accessibility to large markets of New York, Philadelphian, and Washington. Truck farms grow many of the fruits and vegetables that consumers demand in developed societies. Truck farms sell some of their product to fresh markets, but mostly to large processors for canning or freezing. Truck farms are highly efficient and large-scale operations that take full advantage of machines at every stage of the growing process.

Reproduction of plants by direct cloning from existing plants.

When choosing an enterprise, a commercial farmer compares two costs; cost of the land versus the cost of transporting production to market. Identifies a crop that can be sold for more than the land cost, distance of land to market is critical because the cost of transporting varies by crop. Also found that specific crops were grown in varying rings around city. Market-oriented gardens and milk producers in first ring, because of expense of transportation and perishability. In the next rings wood lots used for construction and fuel, because it is a heavy industry with high transportation costs. Next rings are used for various crops or pasture, with the outermost ring devoted to animal grazing. Von Thunen's theory disregards site or human factors.