Agricultural, Arithmetic and Base Line Densities in Cartography
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agricultural density
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the ratio of the number of farmers to the total amount of land suitable for agriculture
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arithmetic density
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the total number of people divided by the total land area
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base line
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an east-west line designated under the Land Ordinance of 1785 to facilitate the surveying and numbering of townships in the United States
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cartography
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the making or study of maps or charts
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concentration
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the spread of something over a given area
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connections
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relationships among people and objects across the barrier of time
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contagious diffusion
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the rapid widespread diffusion of a feature or trend throughout a population
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cultural ecology
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geographic approach that emphasizes human-environment relationship
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cultural landscapes
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fashioning of a natural landscape by a cultural group
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culture
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customary beliefs, social forms, and material traits that together constitute a group of people's distinct traditions
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density
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the frequency with which something exists within a given unit of area.
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diffusion
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the process of spread of a feature or trend from one place to another
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distance decay
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The diminishing in importance and eventual disappearance of a phenomenon with increasing distance from its origin.
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distribution
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the arrangement of something across earth's surface
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environmental determinism
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nineteenth- and early twentieth-century approach to the study of geography that argued that the general laws sought by human geographers could be found in the physical sciences. Geography was therefore the study of how the physical environment caused human activities
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expansion diffusion
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the spread of a feature or trend among people from one area to another in a snowballing process
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formal region(uniform or homogeneous region)
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an area in which everyone shares in one or more distinctive characteristics
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functional region
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an area organized around a node or focal point
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GIS
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a computer system that stores, organizes, analyzes, and displays geographic data
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GPS
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a system that determines the precise position of something on Earth through a series of satellites, tracking stations, and receivers.
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globalization
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growth to a global or worldwide scale
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GMT
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the local time at the 0 meridian passing through Greenwich, England
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hearth
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the region from which innovative ideas originate
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hierarchical diffusion
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The spread of a feature or trend from one key person or node of authority or power to other persons or places.
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international date line
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an imaginary line on the surface of the earth following (approximately) the 180th meridian
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land ordinance of 1785
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A law that divided much of the United States into a system of townships to facilitate the sale of land to settlers.
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latitude
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an imaginary line around the Earth parallel to the equator
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location
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The position of anything on Earth's surface.
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longitude
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an imaginary great circle on the surface of the earth passing through the north and south poles at right angles to the equator
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map
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A two-dimensional, or flat, representation of Earth's surface or a portion of it.
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mental map
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An internal representation of a portion of Earth's surface based on what an individual knows about a place, containing personal impressions of what is in a place and where places are located.
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meridian
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an imaginary great circle on the surface of the earth passing through the north and south poles at right angles to the equator
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parallel
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A circle drawn around the globe parallel to the equator and at right angles to the meridians.
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physiological density
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The number of people per unit of area of arable land, which is land suitable for agriculture.
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place
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A specific point on Earth distinguished by a particular character.
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polder
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Land created by the Dutch by draining water from an area.
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possibilism
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The theory that the physical environment may set limits on human actions, but people have the ability to adjust to the physical environment and choose a course of action from many alternatives.
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prime meridian
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meridian at zero degree longitude from which east and west are reckoned (usually the Greenwich longitude in England)
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principal meridian
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A north-south line designated in the Land Ordinance of 1785 to facilitate the surveying and numbering of townships in the United States.
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projection
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The system used to transfer locations from Earth's surface to a flat map.
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region
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An area distinguished by a unique combination of trends or features.
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regional studies
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An approach to geography that emphasizes the relationships among social and physical phenomena in a particular area study
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relocation diffusion
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The spread of a feature or trend through bodily movement of people from one place to another.
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remote sensing
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The acquisition of data about Earth's surface from a satellite orbiting the planet or other long-distance methods.
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resource
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A substance in the environment that is useful to people, is economically and technologically feasible to access, and is socially acceptable to use.
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scale
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Generally, the relationship between the portion of Earth being studied and Earth as a whole, specifically the relationship between the size of an object on a map and the size of the actual feature on Earth's surface.
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sections
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a square normally 1 mile on a side. the land ordinance of 1785 divided townships in the United States into 36 sections
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site
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physical character of a place
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situation
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The location of a place relative to other places.
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space
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the physical gap or interval between two objects
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space-time compression
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the reduction in the time it takes to diffuse something to a distant place, as a result of improved communications and transportation systems
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stimulus diffusion
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The spread of an underlying principle, even though a specific characteristic is rejected.
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toponym
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the name by which a geographical place is known
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township
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A square normally 6 miles on a side. The Land Ordinance of 1785 divided much of the United States into a series of townships.
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transnational corporation
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A company that conducts research, operates factories, and sells products in many countries, not just where its headquarters or shareholders are located.
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uneven development
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The increasing gap in economic conditions between core and peripheral regions as a result of the globalization of the economy.
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vernacular region
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An area that people believe to exsist as part of their cultural identity (perceptual region)
