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Culture

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The knowledge, attitudes, and habitual behavior shared and transmitted by the members of a society.

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Folk Culture

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Cultural traits such as dress modes, dwellings, traditions, and institutions of usually small, traditional communities.

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Popular Culture

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Cultural traits such as dress, diet and music that identify and are part of today's changeable, urban-based, media-influenced western societies.

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Local Culture

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A group of people in a particular place who see themselves as a collective or a community (culture), who work to preserve those traits and customs in order to claim uniqueness and to distinguish themselves from others.

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Material Culture

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The art, housing, clothing, sports, dances, foods, and other similar items constructed or created by a group of people.

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Non Material Culture

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The beliefs, practices, aesthetics, and values of a group of people.

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Hierarchical Diffusion

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A form of diffusion in which an idea or innovation spreads by passing first among the most connected places or peoples, then to the masses.

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Hearth

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The area where an idea or cultural trait originates.

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Assimilation

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The process through which people lose cultural traits such as dress, speech particularities, or mannerisms, when they come in contact with another society or culture. (Often forcibly removed)

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Custom

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A practice routinely followed by a group of people.

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Cultural Appropriation

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The process by which cultures adopt customs and knowledge from other cultures and use them for their own benefit.

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Neolocalism

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An older culture reinvigorated in a new culture in order to keep the old traditions alive.

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Ethnic Neighborhood

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A neighborhood in which a local culture can practice its customs.

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Commodification

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Occurs when one culture takes another's cultural traditions in order to sell them for a profit.

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Authenticity

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How real a stereotype is when compared to an actual local culture.

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Distance Decay

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The more distance diffused, the less spread.

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Time Space Compression

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The term for when diffusion hits different places at different rates/times.

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Reterritorialization

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When people within a place start to produce an aspect of popular culture themselves, doing so in the context of their local culture and making it their own.

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Cultural Landscape

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The visible imprint of human activity and culture on the landscape.

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Placelessness

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The loss of uniqueness of place in the cultural landscape so that one place looks like the next.

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Global Local Continuum

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The notion that what happens at the global scale has a direct effect on what happens at the local scale, and vice versa.

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Glocalization

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The process by which people in a local place mediate and alter regional, national, and global processes.

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Gender

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The biologically and socially influenced characteristics by which people define male and female.

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Identity

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A principle for solving collective goods problems by changing participants' preferences based on their shared sense of belonging to a community

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Race

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A group of human beings distinguished by physical traits, blood types, genetic code patterns or genetically inherited characteristics.

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Racism

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The belief that one group of people is better than another based on race.

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Identifying Against

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Constructing an identity by first defining the "other" and then defining ourselves as "not the other."

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Residential Segregation

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The degree to which two or more groups live separately from one another, in different parts of an urban environment.

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Succession

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When one culture leaves and is replaced by another in a neighborhood or landscape.

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Sense of Place

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The infusion of a place with meaning and emotion by remembering important events that occurred in that place or by labeling a place with a certain character.

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Ethnicity

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A social division based on national origin, religion, language, and often race.

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Space

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An element of art that indicates areas between, around, above, below, or within something.

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Place

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A specific point on Earth distinguished by a particular character.

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Gendered

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Whether the place is designed for or claimed by men or women.

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Queer Theory

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The total theory of claims and suggestions about sexuality.

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Dowry Deaths

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A bride is brutally beat or killed for her father's failure to fulfill the marriage agreement.

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Barrioization

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Defined by geographer James Curtis as the dramatic increase in Hispanic population in a given neighborhood.

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Language

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A set of sounds, combination of sounds, and symbols that are used for communication.

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Standard language

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The variant of a language that a country's political and intellectual elite seek to promote as the norm for use in schools, government, the media, and other aspects of public life.

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Dialects

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Local or regional charactereistics of a language. A dialect, in addition to pronunciation variation, has distinctive grammar and vocabulary.

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Isogloss

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A geographic boundary where a particular linguistic feature occurs.

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Mutual intelligibility

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The ability of two people to understand each other when speaking.

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Dialect chains

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A set of contiguous dialects in which the dialects nearest to each other at any place in the chain are most closely related.

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Language families

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Group of languages with a shared, but fairly distant, origin.

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Subfamilies (language)

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Divisions within a language family where the commonalities are more diffinite and the origin is more recent.

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Sound shift

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Slight change in a word across languages within a subfamily or through a language family.

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Proto-Indo-European

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Linguistic hypothesis proposing the existence of an ancestral Indo-European language that is the hearth of the ancient Latin, Greek, and Sanskrit languages which hearth would link modern languages from Scandinavia to North Africa and from North America through parts of Asia to Australia.

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Backward reconstruction

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The tracking of sound shifts and hardening of consonants "backward" toward the original language.

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Extinct language

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Language without any native speakers.

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Deep reconstruction

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Technique using the vocabulary of an extinct language to re-create the language that proceeded the extinct language.

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Nostratic

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Language believed to be the ancestral language not only of Proto-Indo-European, but also of the Kartvelian languages of the southern Caucasus region, the Uralic-Altaic languages (including Hungarian, Finnish, Turkish, and Mongolian), the Dravadian languages of India, and the Afro-Asiatic language family

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Language divergence

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New languages are formed when a language breaks into dialects due to a lack of spatial interaction among speakers of the language and continued isolation.

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Language convergence

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The collapsing of two languages into one because of spatial interaction of peoples with different languages.

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Renfrew hypothesis

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Hypothesis developed by British scholar Colin Renfrew wherein he proposed that three areas in and near the first agricultural hearth, the Fertile Crescent, gave rise to three language families: Europe's Indo-European languages (from Anatolia(present-day Turkey)); North African and Arabian languages (from the western arc of the Fertile Crescent); and the languages in present-day Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and India (from the eastern arc of the Fertile Crescent)

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Conquest theory

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One major theory of how Proto-Indo-European diffused into Europe which holds that the early speakers of Proto-Indo-European spread westward on horseback, overpowering earlier inhabitants and beginning the diffusion and differentiation of Indo-European tongues.

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Dispersal hypothesis

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Hypothesis which holds that the Indo-European languages that arose from Proto-Indo-European were first carried eastward into Southwest Asia, next around the Caspian Sea, and then across the Russian-Ukrainian plains and on into the Balkans.

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Romance languages

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Languages (French, Spanish, Italian, Romanian, and Portuguese) that lie in the areas that were once controlled by the Roman Empire but were not subsequently overwhelmed.

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Germanic languages

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Languages (English, German, Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish) that reflect the expansion of peoples out of Northern Europe to the west and south.

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Slavic languages

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Languages (Russian, Polish, Czech, Slovak, Ukrainian, Slovenian, Serbo-Croatian, and Bulgarian) that developed as Slavic people migrated from a base in present-day Ukraine close to 2000 years ago.

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Lingua franca

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Refers to a "common language," a language used among speakers of different languages for the purposes of trade and commerce. Originally consisted of a mixture of Italian, French, Greek, Spanish, and even some Arabic.

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Pidgin language

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When parts of two or more languages are combined in a simplified structure and vocabulary.

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Creole language

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A language that began as a pidgin language but was later adopted as the mother tongue by a people in place of their mother tongue.

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Monolingual states

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Countries in which only one language is spoken.

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Multilingual states

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Countries in which more than one language is spoken.

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Official language

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In multilingual countries the language selected to promote internal cohesion; usually the language of the courts and government.

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Global language

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The language used most commonly around the world; defined on the basis of either the number of speakers of the language, or prevalence of use in commerce and trade.

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Place

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The fourth theme of geography; uniqueness of a location.

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Toponym

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Place name.

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Religion

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A system of beliefs and practices that attempts to order life in terms of culturally perceived ultimate priorities.

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Secularism

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Indifference to or rejection of a formal religion.

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Monotheistic religion

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Belief system in which one supreme being is worshipped as creator and keeper of all that exists in the universe.

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Polytheistic religion

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Belief system in which multiple deities are worshipped as creators and keepers of all that exists in the universe.

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Animistic religion

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The belief that inanimate objects contain spirits and can help or hinder human efforts on earth.

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Universalizing religion

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A belief system that wants more converts because they think their system is the best.

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Ethnic religion

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System where people are born into the faith and do not actively seek converts through evangelism or missionary work.

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Hinduism

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Religion founded over 4000 years ago in the Indus River Valley (Pakistan), Has no single founder, a single theology, or agreement on its origins.

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Caste system

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Strict social segregation of people on the basis of ancestry and occupation.

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Buddhism

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Religion founded in the 6th century BC and characterized by the belief that enlightenment would come through following the Eightfold Path.

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Shintoism

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Religion located in Japan and related to Buddhism, focuses strongly on worship of nature and ancestor worship.

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Taoism

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Religion founded by Lao-Tsu and based on his book "Tao-te-Ching" or "Book of the Way". Focuses on proper form of political rule and on the oneness of humanity and nature.

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Feng shui

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Chinese art and science of placement and orientation of structures and objects to channel life forces in favorable ways.

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Confucianism

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Philosophy of ethics, education, and public service based on the writings of Confucius and traditionally thought of as one of the core elements of Chinese culture.

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Judaism

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Religion with its roots in the teachings of Abraham, who united his people to worship one god, who would in turn only care for them in return.

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Diaspora

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From Greek "to disperse", a term describing the voluntary dispersal of an ethnic group from their homeland to a new place.

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Zionism

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Movement to unite the Jewish people of the Diaspora and to establish a new homeland for them in the Promised Land.

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Christianity

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Religion based on the teachings of Jesus. Jesus is the son of God placed on earth to teach people how to live according to God's plan.

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Eastern Orthodox Church

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One of the 3 major branches of Christianity that arose from the division of the Roman Empire by Emperor Diocletian; Arose from Constantinople.

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Roman Catholic Church

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Arose from Rome after the splitting of the Roman Empire.

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Protestant

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One of the three major branches of Christianity that arose from challenging of the Roman Catholic Church by many individuals.

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Islam

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Youngest world religion; based on the teachings of Muhammad.

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Sunni

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Branch of Islam that believes in the effectiveness of family and community in the solution of problems.

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Shi'ite

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Branch of Islam that accept the traditions of Muhammad as authoritative. Came to power in Iran.

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Shamanism

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Community faith in traditional societies in which people follow their shaman-a religious leader.

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Pilgrimage

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Voluntary travel by an adherent to a sacred site to pay respects or participate in a ritual at the site.

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Sacred sites

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Place or space people infuse with religious meaning.

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Minarets

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Tower attached to a Muslim mosque having one or more projecting balconies from which a crier calls Muslims to pray.

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Hajj

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The Muslim pilgrimage to Mecca, the birthplace of Muhammad.

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Interfaith boundaries

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Boundaries between the world's major faiths.

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Intrafaith boundaries

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Boundaries within a single major faith.

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Genocide

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The systematic killing or extermination of an entire people or nation.

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Activity Space

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Space within which daily activity occurs.

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Religious fundamentalism

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Religious movement whose objectives are to return to the foundations of the faith and to influence state policy.

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Religious extremism

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Religious fundamentalism carried to the point of violence.

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Jihad

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Doctrine within Islam, commonly translated as "Holy War" and represents either a personal or collective struggle on the part of Muslims to live up to the religious standards set by the Qur'an.

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Indigenous religions

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Systems of religion that have survived by just being a locally practiced religion passed down through families. Revere nature.

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Ethnic Cleansing

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When one ethnic group tries to rid the world of another ethnic group in order to "cleanse" the land.

AP Human Geography Unit 3: Cultural Geography: ALL VOCABULARY (CNT13) – Flashcards

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