History Chapter 6 – Flashcards
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This man revolutionized the way to manufacture steel by making the process quicker and more efficient
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Henry Bessemer
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He became a pioneer on new industrial frontier. He established the world's 1st research lab in Mento Park, NJ. He created and perfected the light bulb.
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Thomas Edison
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invented the telephone
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Alexander Graham Bell
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He established the Standard Oil Company. Drove competitors out of business by selling his oil at prices that they were unable to compete with. The controlled the market, prices went above original prices.
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John D. Rockefeller
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Created the Carnegie Steel Company. 1st industrial mogul to make his own fortune.
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Andrew Carnegie
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was an American business magnate and philanthropist who built his wealth in railroads and shipping.
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Cornelius Vanderbilt
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Made his wealth in banking.
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J.P. Morgan
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made the 1st major attempt to form this type of industrial union - ARU. Believed that unions should include skilled and unskilled workers.
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Eugene V. Debs
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supporter of the Great Strike of 1877 and later organized for the UMW. Called "Mother Jones". Helped influence the passage of child labor laws. Most prominent organizer in the women's labor movement.
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Mary Harris Jones
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built a factory for manufacturing sleepers and other RR cars on the Illinois prairie.
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George M. Pullman
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led the Cigar Markers' International Union to join with other craft Unions in 1886. Also the President of AFL.
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Samuel Gompers
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used a steam engine to frill for oil near Titusville, Pen.
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Edwin L. Drake
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invented the typewriter in 1867.
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Christopher Sholes
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What allowed manufacturers to build their factories away from rivers?
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Electricity allowed the manufacturers to builds their factories away from the rivers.
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What was unique about Pullman, Illinois?
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It was a town created by George Pullman and the workers of his railroad.
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What happened at the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory? What was the result of this tragedy?
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There was a fire in Manhattan, New York. It was the deadliest in the history of the city, and one of the deadliest in U.S. history.
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Who were scabs and why were they unpopular?
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They were workers used for real strikes.
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What is a trust?
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A trust is an illegal grouping of companies that discourage competition, similar to a cartel.
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What impact did trusts have on competition during the late 1800's?
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Trusts were not legal mergers. Rockefeller used a trust to gain total control of the oil industry in America.
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Who were the Industrial Workers of the World? Who organized them? How did this union differ from other unions?
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The IWW are called the Wobblies, consisting of miners, lumbers, and cannery and dock workers. Headed by William Haywood. Unlike other unions, the IWW welcomes African Americans, but membership never topped 100,000.
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What made the construction of skyscrapers possible in the 1800's? Explain Social Darwinism. What did the theory discourage? What did the theory support/justify?
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The steel made the construction of the skyscrapers stronger. Social Darwinism is an economic and social philosophy — supposedly based on the biologist Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection — holding that a system of unrestrained competition will ensure the survival of the fittest. It discouraged government regulation. It was used to justify conditions in the 1800's.
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What factors led to the immense industrial boom of the early 1900s?
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(a) a wealth of natural resources (b) government support for business (c) a growing urban population
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How did Carnegie gain control of the steel industry?
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Andrew Carnegie gained control of a large percentage of the steel industry by buying out his suppliers, buying out his competitors, and underselling his competitors
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What was the Sherman Antitrust Act? How successful was it?
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The Sherman Antitrust Act outlawed the formation of trusts that interfered with free trade.
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What is collective bargaining?
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Collective bargaining was a technique used to win workers' rights.
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What brought about standardized time and time zones?
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The use of standard time and time zones was introduced in order to benefit railroad companies and train travelers.
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What was the Great Strike of 1877?
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Workers from the B & O Railroad struck to protest pay cuts. It became violent and President Hayes sent in the troops.
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What was the purpose of Credit Mobilier?
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The main purpose of the company was to steel railroad money for its shareholders.
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What is the difference between vertical integration and horizontal integration?
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Vertical integration, whereby the holding company purchases businesses in each stage of a product's lifecycle. Horizontal integration, whereby the holding company purchases a number of competitors.
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What is a merger?
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A merger is a combination of two things, especially companies, into one.
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What is a monopoly?
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A monopoly is an exclusive control or possession of something.
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What is a holding company? Example of a holding company.
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A holding company owns controlling interest in another company or owns enough stock to control the company's management and operations.
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What percentage of the crude oil in the United States was controlled by Standard Oil?
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It controlled up to 90% of the crude oil.
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How did the AFL differ from the Knights of Labor?
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One of the main differences between the Knights of Labor and the American Federation of Labor is that the former one was more radical.The AFL was a formal federation of labor unions whereas Knights of Labor was much more a secretive type. The formation of Knights of Labor can be traced to the Noble Order of the Knights of Labor, a secret union formed in 1869 by Uriah Smith Stephens and James L. Wright. The AFL was launched in Columbus, Ohio in 1886. Socialists like Peter J. McGuire and Gompers were behind the formation of the AFL.
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What labor improvements were the results of the AFL?
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AFL won higher wages and shorter workweeks.
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What was the goal of the Interstate Commerce Act?
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The goal was to lower excessive railroad rates.
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Explain the Granger laws.
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Granger laws were a series of laws which regulated long- and short-haul discrimination and other "abuses" against farmers.
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What was the decision in Munn v. Illinois?
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Munn v. Illinois, case decided by the U.S. Supreme Court in 1876. Munn, a partner in a Chicago warehouse firm, had been found guilty by an Illinois court of violating the state laws providing for the fixing of maximum charges for storage of grain.
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How did 19th century industrialists encourage competition? How did they discourage competition?
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Social Darwinism drove many early industrialists. It discouraged competition since only the strongest in the world will survive. The fathers of industry did everything they could to create monopolies and put their rivals out of business by using vertical and horizontal integration.
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When and where was the first transcontinental railroad completed? What was the significance of this railroad? When: May 10, 1869 Where: Promontory, Utah
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The transcontinental railroad had long been a dream for people living in the American West. When: May 10, 1869 Where: Promontory, Utah
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List the abuses of the railroads.
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Government misused land grants. The railroads also entered into formal agreements to fix prices. They charged different customers different rates.
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Crowd gathered to watch the joining of Union Pacific and Central Pacific RR on...
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May 10, 1869
