Chapter 17 Vocabulary Test Questions – Flashcards

Practice where a single entity controls the entire process of a product, from the raw materials to distribution (435) Company took over all different businesses on which it relied for its primary function (Carnegie Steel came to control not only steel mills but mines, railroads, etc) It was pioneered by tycoon Andrew Carnegie. It is when you combine into one organization all phases of manufacturing from mining to marketing. This makes supplies more reliable and improved efficiency. It controlled the quality of the product at all stages of production.

Developed in the 1880s, a practice by which railroads would give money back to its favored customers, rather than charging them lower prices, so that it could appear to be charging a flat rate for everyone. Developed in the 1880s, a practice by which railroads would give money back to its favored customers, rather then charging them lower prices, so that it could appear to be charging a flat rate for everyone. A practice where railroads gave discounts to their biggest customers. Forced smaller railroads out of business.

A technique used by John D. Rockefeller. Horizontal integration is an act of joining or consolidating with ones competitors to create a monopoly. Rockefeller was excellent with using this technique to monopolize certain markets. It is responsible for the majority of his wealth. Absorption into a single firm of several firms involved in the same level of production and sharing resources at that level Type of monopoly where a company buys out all of its competition. Ex. Rockefeller

A legal relationship under which title to property is transferred to a person, called a trustee, who has control over the property, and must manage it for some other person -- called a beneficiary. A monopoly that controls goods and services, often in combinations that reduce competition. A group of corporations that unite in order to reduce competition and control prices in a business or an industry.

System in which workers are paid not by the time worked, but by the number of items they produce Work paid by the number of objects made Incentive pay program where employees receive a certain rate for each unit produced. System in which workers are paid not by the amount of time they worked but by the number of items they produce.

The manufacture of many identical products by the division of labor into many small repetitive tasks. This method was introduced into the manufacture of pottery by Josiah Wedgwood and into the spinning of cotton thread by Richard Arkwright. (602) An assembly process that makes a large number of identical products using a continuous efficient procedure

(1883) Frederick Taylor's introduction of the _ _ helped industrial engineers to produce more efficient factories. a management theory using efficiency experts to examine each work operations and find ways to minimize the time needed to complete it A system of industrial management created and promoted in the early twentieth century by Frederick W. Taylor, emphasizing stopwatch efficiency to improve factory performance. The system gained immense popularity across the United States and Europe.

(1882) Denied any additional Chinese laborers to enter the country while allowing students and merchants to immigrate. American workers felt threatened by the job competition. 1882 - Chinese immigrants had to be examined, and all convicts, polygamists, prostitutes, anarchists, persons suffering from loathsome or contagious diseases, and persons liable to become public disturbances and problems were all excluded form the U.S

An organization of workers whose goals include the improvement of working conditions and payments to workers. Unions work on behalf of workers through negotiations with management. A labor union of craftspeople or workers in related crafts, as distinguished from general workers or a union including all workers in an industry. Association of trade workers formed to gain higher wages and better working conditions

July, 1877 - A large number of railroad workers went on strike because of wage cuts. After a month of strikes, President Hayes sent troops to stop the rioting. The worst railroad violence was in Pittsburgh, with over 40 people killed by militia men. A violent but ultimately unsuccessful interstate strike, which resulted in extensive property damage and many deaths. The first major interstate strike in us history. The panic of 1873 caused railroad lines to cut wages which caused workers to walk off the job and block the tracks- it eventually turned violent. Federal troops finally quelled the violence. After workers turned violent the public began to blame them for the looting and violence and they lost all sympathy

This organization better known as the Grange, was organized in 1867 by Oliver H. Kelley; its objective was to enhance the lives of isolated farmers through social, educational, and fraternal activities; the Grangers gradually raised their goals from individual self-improvement of the farmer' collective plight organized in 1867 by Oliver H. Kelley; purpose was to enhance the lives of isolated farmers through social, educational, and fraternal activities

A list circulated among employers containing the names of persons who should not be hired pg 650 a list of 500 actors, writers; producers; and directors who were not allowed to work on Hollywood flims b/c of the alleged Communist connections list that circulated among employers, beginning in 1947, containing the names of persons who should not be hired A list of suspected communist who were unable to get work in the movie industry. This list destroyed many careers.

Political party devoted to improving the lives of laborers and raising inflation, reaching its high point in 1878 when it polled over a million votes and elected fourteen members of Congress. (JG) Political party that farmers sought refuge in at first, combined inflationary appeal of earlier Greenabackers w/ program for improving labor "Soft-money" third party that polled over a million votes and elected fourtee

1st effort to create National union. Open to everyone but lawyers and bankers. Vague program, no clear goals, weak leadership and organization. Failed (GC) , one of the most important American labor organizations of the 19th century. Founded by seven Philadelphia tailors in 1869 and led by Uriah S. Stephens, its ideology may be described as producerist, demanding an end to child and convict labor, equal pay for women, a progressive income tax, and the cooperative employer-employee ownership of mines and factories. Leaderships under Powderly, successful with Southwest Railroad System, failed after Haymarket Riot (1) moderate labor organization founded in 1869 by Terence Powderly, one of the first such organizations in the US; (2) this all-inclusive organization grew quickly but fell into decline after one of its leaders was executed for killing a policeman in the Haymarket Riot

When we are have data from different sources that we believe are homogeneous, we can a better estimate of the common proportion and its standard deviation. We can combine, or pool, the data into single group for the purpose of estimating the common proportion. The resulting pooled standard error is based on more data and is thus more reliable ( if the null hypothesis is true and the groups are truly homogeneous) Several companies agree to divide up business in an area and then fixed their prices at a high level A system of fairly distributing payment among producers in a Federal Milk Market is called:

A political theory favoring the abolition of governments A country in which there is no government is in anarchy; Anarchy is chaos because of the lack of government; Occurred in Russian Revolution , Spanish Civil War, and Victor Emanuel's Italy The absence of government - Political ideology that stresses the elimination of the state and private property as a way to achieve both freedom and equality for all

(1886); people were rallying for the workers who were striking in Chicago. The police came and someone threw a bomb; people killed, trial followed, and some men sentenced to death. bomb thrown at protest rally, police shot protestors, caused great animosity in employers for workers' unions A Chicago protest that was peaceful until a policemen was ordered to have the meeting dispersed and a pipe bomb was set off. Four were killed as police fire broke out, seven anarchists were arrested and sentenced to death. May 3, 1886 - Chicago strikers and police clash, May 4 - meeting to protest killings, bomb exploded, police fired on the crowd. 16 killed, 100 wounded. Knights of Labor membership declined after this

A Farmers' organization founded in late 1870s; worked for lower railroad freight rates, lower interest rates, and a change in the governments tight money policy In 1873 the Grangers founded this. Their goals promote social gatherings/education opportunities, organize against abuse, form cooperative/women played a significant role, and wanted political pressure. This later led to the founding of the populist party. A political organization founded in late 1870s; worked for lower railroad freight rates, lower interest rates, and a change in the governments tight money policy

1886 - Stated that individual states could control trade in their states, but could not regulate railroads coming through them. Congress had exclusive jurisdiction over interstate commerce. Supreme court ruling that states could not regulate interstate commerce struck down some Granger laws; states can't regulate interstate RR rates

Established the ICC (Interstate Commerce Commission) - monitors the business operation of carriers transporting goods and people between states - created to regulate railroad prices 1887 law passed to regulate railroad and other interstate businesses 1887 Act which required railroads to publish rates, forbade discrimination against shippers, and outlawed charging more for short haul than for a long one over the same line

A working establishment where only people belonging to the union are hired. It was done by the unions to protect their workers from cheap labor. A company with a labor agreement under which union membership can be a condition of employment. A firm that requires union membership by its workers as a condition of employment. The closed shop was made illegal by the Labor-Management Relations Act of 1947.

AFL 1886; founded by Samuel Gompers; sought better wages, hrs, working conditions; skilled laborers, arose out of dissatisfaction with the Knights of Labor, rejected socialist and communist ideas, non-violent. (GC2) , Samuel Gompers, a union for skilled laborers that fought for worker rights in a non-violent way. It provided skilled laborers with a union that was unified, large, and strong. 1886 founded by Samuel Gompers; sought better wages, hrs, working conditions; skilled laborers, willing to let unskilled fend for themselves, small minority

1892 steelworker strike near Pittsburgh against the Carnegie Steel Company. Ten workers were killed in a riot when "scab" labor was brought in to force an end to the strike. 1892 strike in Pennsylvania against Carnegie steel It was one of the most violent strikes in U.S. history. It was against the Homestead Steel Works, which was part of the Carnegie Steel Company, in Pennsylvania in retaliation against wage cuts. The riot was ultimately put down by Pinkerton Police and the state militia, and the violence further damaged the image of unions.

He was the creator of the American Federation of Labor. He provided a stable and unified union for skilled workers. American Federation of Labor - United skilled workers, collective bargaining A labor union leader who founded the AFL. Serving as president he promoted harmony to the craft unions. A London-born cigar maker, formed the third national union, (AFL)

Developer of an efficient system of mechanical refrigeration, an innovation that earned him a fortune and provided a major stimulus to the growth of the cattle industry. In the 1800s he enlarged fresh meat markets through branch slaughterhouses and refrigeration. He monopolized the meat industry. Chicago cattle dealer who invented refrigerated railcars so that goods like beef could be transported nation-wide. Used Vertical Integration. Found other uses for animal parts.

Established the Standard Oil Company, the greatest, wisest, and meanest monopoly known in history Was an American industrialist and philanthropist. Revolutionized the petroleum industry and defined the structure of modern philanthropy. An American industrialist and philanthropist. He was the founder of the Standard Oil Company, which dominated the oil industry and was the first great U.S. business trust. Rockefeller revolutionized the petroleum industry and defined the structure of modern philanthropy. In 1870, he founded Standard Oil Company and aggressively ran it until he officially retired in 1897.

A Scottish-born American industrialist and philanthropist who founded the Carnegie Steel Company in 1892. By 1901, his company dominated the American steel industry. Built a steel mill empire; US STEEL Creates Carnegie Steel. Gets bought out by banker JP Morgan and renamed U.S. Steel. Andrew Carnegie used vertical integration by buying all the steps needed for production. Was a philanthropist. Was one of the "Robber barons"

an engineer, an inventor, and a tennis player. He sought to eliminate wasted motion. Famous for scientific-management especially time-management studies. The original "efficiency expert" who, in the book The Principles of Scientific Management from 1911, preached the gospel of efficient management of production time and costs, the proper routing and scheduling of work, standardization of tools and equipment, and the like. an engineer that made the book The Princples of Scientific Management.

Knights of Labor leader, opposed strikes, producer-consumer cooperation, temperance, welcomed blacks and women (allowing segregation) at its heightin 1886 the knights of labor were led by Leader of the knights of labor as an irish american. Won number of strikes for eight hour day. Membership mushrooms to 3/4 of a million after successful strike in 1885. Injury to one is the concern of all. All people can join except gamblers, liquor dealers, lawyers, and stock brokers. Campaigned for economic and social reform with safety. Frowned on industrial warfare and ten hour day.

Invents the cigarette and gives it to people with cards that have naked women on them in order to get them hooked. The cards then turned into baseball trading cards. Made tobacco a profitable crop in the modern South, he was a wealthy tobacco industrialist. Owner of an American Tobacco Company, which established a virtual monopoly over the processing of raw tobacco into marketable materials.

in Chicago, Pullman cut wages but refused to lower rents in the "company town", Eugene Debs had American Railway Union refuse to use Pullman cars, Debs thrown in jail after being sued, strike achieved nothing 1894 - nonviolent strike (brought down the railway system in most of the West) at the Pullman Palace Car Co. over wages - Prez. Cleveland shut it down because it was interfering with mail delivery (GC) 1894, , Strike of 1894. Eugene V. Debs organized the American Railway Union (150000 members). Maintained a company town, and when the Depression hit, wages were cut one third, but the rent and living expenses remained the same. Strikers overturned Pullman cars, paralyzed railway traffic from Chicago to Pacific Coast. Eventually, bayonet militia came in from Washington from Cleveland himself. Strikers were imprisoned without jury trials. He was charged since he interfered with mailing service, The beginning of the end of company towns. People who helped keep law and order was Mayor Hopkins and Governor Altgeld

an agreement some companies forced workers to take that forbade them from joining a union. This was a method used to limit the power of unions, thus hampering their development. A type of contract that required employees to agree as a condition of employment not to join a union; prohibited by the Norris-LaGuardia Act in 1932. Contracts some employers forced workers to sign that made the workers promise not to join a union

Process by which a union representing a group of workers negotiates with management for a contract Negotiations between representatives of labor unions and management to determine pay and acceptable working conditions. Negotiation between an employer and trade union Process in which union leaders negotiate with factory owners on behalf of workers in a particular business or industry for better wages and working conditions.