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Washington's Farewell Address

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President George Washington's final message to the nation, which primarily covered domestic issues but also recommended avoiding alliances with other nations

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Imperialism

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a stronger nation has influence of some sort over a weaker nation (economic, political, cultural, military)

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Unilateralism

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a policy of not seeking military or political alliances with foreign powers

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Expansionism

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acquiring more land, through war, purchases, treaties, diplomacy, etc.

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Internationalism

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a political movement which advocates a greater economic and political cooperation among nations for the theoretical benefit of all

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Monroe Doctrine

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the declaration by President James Monroe in 1823 warning European powers against future colonization in the Western Hemisphere or interference in Latin American republics

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Moral Diplomacy

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President Woodrow Wilson's approach to foreign policy, focusing on promoting democratic ideals abroad

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Platt Amendment

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provisions in the Cuban constitution, added as a condition for the withdrawal of U.S. troops in 1902, allowing the United States to intervene in Cuban affairs and to buy or lease land for naval bases

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Roosevelt Corollary

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President Theodore Roosevelt's assertion that, as a direct corollary of the Monroe Doctrine, the United States could intervene to preserve peace and order in the Western Hemisphere and protect U.S. interests

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How the U.S. acquired: California, Florida, Louisiana, Alaska, Hawaii, Oregon Territory

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California: Mexican Cession (end of Mexican War) Florida: ceded by the Spanish (1819) Louisiana: Louisiana Purchase (French), $15 million Alaska: Diplomacy (purchase from Russia, $7.2 million, 1867) Hawaii: annexation Oregon Territory: threat of force (British), British acquiesced and divided territory in half (49th parallel)

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Foreign policy tools: diplomacy, armed force, financial aid, conquest

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Diplomacy: art of conducting negotiations with other nations, may lead to informal agreements as well as treaties Threat/use of armed force: using force to persuade another nation/territory into doing something Financial Aid: giving $ in the form of grants or loans, such aid can be used to support friendly nations or influence their policies Conquest: fighting/war

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Reasons to Support Imperialism

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gain land, expand economically (raw materials/new markets), spread Anglo-Saxon Christian(white, English speaking) culture, national power (military, naval, etc.), play a stronger role in world affairs

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Yellow Journalism

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the exaggerated style of newspaper reporting during the 1890s that was sparked by the rivalry between two New York City newspapers and helped inflame public support for war with Spain

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de Lôme Letter

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a letter written by Enrique Dupuy de Lôme, the Spanish ambassador to Washington, addressed to a friend in Cuba but somehow stolen from the mail and sent to the New York Journal for publication, criticized President William McKinley and called him "weak and catering to the rabble and, besides, a low politician", intensified anti-Spanish feelings in the US and emphasized the power of the press to inflame public opinion (yellow journalism)

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Treaty of Ghent

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mid-1814 peace treaty ending the War of 1812 between US and UK, didn't resolve actual issues that had started the war (kidnapping of US sailors, seizing of US ships) but called for peace between two nations, US had held its own, war ended in a draw

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José Martí

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a Cuban poet, journalist, and statesman forced to leave Cuba because of his revolutionary activities, led the second revolution for independence against Spanish powers in Cuba in 1895, killed in battle shortly after start of revolution

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Teller Amendment

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law stating that after Cuba was liberated and peace was restored, the United States would "leave the government and control of the Island to its people", not followed after war was over (US remained in Cuba for several years, until 1902, when Cuba added provisions to its constitution to protect US interests, ie. Platt Amendment)

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Theodore Roosevelt

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applied an energetic spirit to foreign policy. He wanted to make the United States a great power that could exert influence around the world. He believed that the country must meet any challenge to its national interest abroad. Used Big Stick Policy, Roosevelt Corollary, and diplomacy in foreign policy

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William McKinley

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assassinated by an anarchist, went to war with Spain (Spanish-American War), tried to keep peace but was pressurized into declaring war, criticized by de Lôme, wanted to keep control of Philippines b/c he thought they weren't ready for self-gov't, wanted to uplift and Christianize, wanted to prevent another nation from seizing power of islands, supported Treaty of Paris, decided that US should remain in Cuba after the war

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William Howard Taft

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shifted foreign policy to economic interests (Dollar Diplomacy), used force/US intervened in LA militarily (though he said his policy would limit use of foreign policy overseas)

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Yellow Kid

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a character in a wildly popular newspaper comic. For a time, the Yellow Kid appeared in two newspapers at once, the New York World and the New York Journal, which competed to own the comic.

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Philippines

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ceded to US by Spanish in Treaty of Paris after the Spanish American War for $20 million, wanted to become independent but US wouldn't let them (thought they weren't ready for self gov't yet), formed own gov't anyway w/ Aguinaldo as president, fighting broke out, > three years of violence before Aguinaldo was captured and US established central and local gov'ts, finally granted independence on Jul. 4, 1946

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Cuba

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a Spanish colony granted their independence after two revolts and the Spanish American War, US remained in Cuba for several years after the war to "restore order" and ruled under a military gov't for four years before withdrawing troops in 1902, only after Cubans added provisions to constitution to protect American interests (Platt Amendment) US companies gained significant control over Cuban businesses, owned much (60%) of rural land and most of industrial businesses

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Puerto Rico

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ceded to US by Spanish in Treaty of Paris after the Spanish American War, became an American possession (US now a colonial empire)

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Guam

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ceded to US by Spanish in Treaty of Paris after the Spanish American War, became an American possession (US now a colonial empire)

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Neutrality

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the policy of not taking sides in wars between other nations

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Colonialism/non-colonialism

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President James Monroe's policy of warning European powers against future colonization in the Western Hemisphere forming/not forming colonies across the world as a form of imperialism

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Queen Liliuokalani

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last monarch of Hawaii, a strong leader who resented the dominance of the wealthy white minority on the islands, established a new constitution that gave more power to native Hawaiians, overthrown by a small group of white planters assisted by US in 1893, Pres. Cleveland withdrew annexation treaty after discovering circumstances of revolt and demanded planters restore queen to her throne

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Protectorate

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a nation protected and controlled by a stronger nation

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Open Door Policy

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a U.S. policy issued in 1899 stating that foreign nations must allow free trade in China

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Panama

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narrow Isthmus of Panama, US encouraged Panamanians to revolt against Colombian rule so US could build a canal connecting Atlantic and Pacific Oceans,

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Columbia

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Colombian gov't turned down US request to lease land in Panama for a canal, Panama was part of Colombia until the revolt, Pres. Teddy Roosevelt sent warships to prevent Colombian troops from intervening in Panama revolt, US paid them $25 million and gave them special access to canal to try to make up for damage caused

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Panama Canal

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the canal built by the United States through the Isthmus of Panama to connect the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, US treated it as its own property until 1999, when it returned ownership to Panama

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Dollar Diplomacy

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President William Howard Taft's approach to foreign policy, focusing on encouraging and protecting U.S. trade and investment in Latin America and Asia

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Big Stick Policy

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President Theodore Roosevelt's strong-arm approach to foreign affairs, emphasizing diplomacy backed by force

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Moral Diplomacy

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President Woodrow Wilson's approach to foreign policy, focusing on promoting democratic ideals abroad

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Commonwealth

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a nation/territory that has control over its own laws and finances but leaves decisions on defense and tariffs in larger nation's hands an independent country or community, esp. a democratic republic

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Emilio Aguinaldo

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young Filipino leader who led revolt against Spanish rule, helped US take control of Manila in Spanish-American War (returned from exile in Hong Kong to fight Spanish with his own rebel forces), called for independence after war but US would not grant it, Filipinos went forward and established their own gov't, electing Aguinaldo president, revolted again in 1899 and was captured by US troops in 1901, ending revolt a year later

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non-interference

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President James Monroe's policy of warning European powers against interference in Latin American republics

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Treaty of Paris

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treaty ending the Spanish-American War on Dec. 10, 1898, granting Cuba independence, ceding Guam and Puerto Rico to the US, and ceding Philippines to US for $20 million, Guam, Puerto Rico, and Philippines now US possessions, US now a colonial empire

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Woodrow Wilson

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took a moral approach to foreign relations (Moral Diplomacy, self-determination), intervened in Latin America more than Taft or Roosevelt, used force didn't support Huerta gov't in Mexico, thought we should treat LA countries as friends/equals

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self-determination

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the right of people of other nations to determine their own government, free of outside influence

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protectorate

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a nation protected and controlled by a stronger nation

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Anti-Imperialist League

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organization formed during the Spanish-American War to oppose establishment of US colonies, diverse membership, believed imperialism violated country's founding principles of freedom and democracy

Unit 6 History, Foreign Policy – Flashcards

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