Chapter 10 American History – Flashcards
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imperialism
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policy in which stronger nations extend their economic, political, or military control over weaker territories
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what two african countries remained independent of european rule?
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liberia and ethiopia
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what did japan do to its feudal govt. in the late 19th century?
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formed it into a strong central govt.
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what 3 things fueled american imperialism?
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desire for military strength thirst for new markets belief in cultural superiority
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Alfred Mahan
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an admiral of the U.S. Navy who urged government officials to build up the navy in order to compete with other nations. the construction of battleships and cruisers that followed this led to the u.S. becoming the 3rd most powerful naval power in the world
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what significant problem did America face with marketing?
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over production--they were producing more than americans would consume
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what two other problems were there?
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unemployment and economic depression
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how would these problems get fixed?
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foreign trade
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what did americans believe about free market competition?
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that it would lead to survival of the fittest
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what did americans think they needed to spread to other, "inferior" people?
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christianity and civilization
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william seward
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secretary of state under lincoln and johnson. He arranged teh U.S. to buy alaska from the Russians for 7.2 million, but had trouble persuading the House to fund the purchase. Because of him, Alaska became a U.S. state and provided the us with timber, minerals, and oil.
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what did people call alaska at first as a joke?
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Seward's Icebox or Seward's folly
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what islands did america take over near Hawaii?
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the midway islands
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why was hawaii important to the united states? (3 reasons)
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it was where they stopped on their way to china and east india and .... 3/4 of the island's wealth came from american-owned sugar plantations there and... pearl harbor (Hawaii's best port for the American naval base)
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mckinley tariff?
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the americans owned the sugar plantations in hawaii, and made the import of sugar duty-free. This caused the production of sugar to increase 9 times. when this tariff was put into act, it provoked a crisis because it eliminated the duty-free status of the sugar. without agreeing to let america annex hawaii, hawaii would continue to face this crisis
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Pearl harbor
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A refueling station for american ships (port in Hawaii)
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King Kalakaua
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hawaiian king who was forced to amend his constitution to limit voting rights to wealthy landowners
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Queen Liliuokalani
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hawaiian queen who came into power after her father died and proposed removing the voting limitation. This was prevented by business groups who organized a revolution and overthrew her. the new government was headed by Sanford B. Dol
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Sanford Dole
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New leader of hawaii after overthrowing of the queen. He refused to surrender power after President Clevelansd say the queen needed to be returned to her thrown
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President Cleveland
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President of the U.S. who directed that Queen Liliuokalani be resotred to her thrown, but refused to consider annexation unless a majority of hawaiians favored it. he was succeeded by william mcKinley--who favored annexation
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william mckinley
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succeeded Cleveland as U.S. president and favored annexation of Hawaii. His presidency led to the American annexation of Hawaii, even though Hawaii never voted on it. Hawaii was now the 50th state of the u.s. When Cubans were in concentration camps under Weyler, he tried diplomatic means to solve the crisis and caused Weyler to modify the concentration camps and to give Cuba a limited self-government
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why was america interested in cuba?
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it was only 90 miles south of florida
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how did cuba respond to the us having interest in buying cuba?
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they would rather see cuba sunk in the ocean
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how did americans respond to the cuban revolt against spain?
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they sympathized with them
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jose marti
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cuban poet and journalist who launched a revolution against spain, who was exiled to new york. he used guerilla tactics and destroyed american owned sugar mills and plantations. He felt that provoking america would lead to a free cuba. he feared that the united states would replace spain and dominate cuban politics--which came true in the future
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general valeriano weyler
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spanish general who was sent to cuba to crush the rebellion. He herded thousands into concentration camps where thousands died from hunger and disease
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what was yellow journalism and who did it?
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a sensational style of writing where one exaggerates the news to lure readers. William Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer did this
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de lome letter
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a private letter that the New York Journal published that was written by ENrique Dupuy de Lome, a spanish minister to the U.S. THe letter insulted Mckinley, calling him weak and a suck-up to the american people and was stolen from a post office by a cuban rebel and leaked to the newspaper. This upseted Americans and caused de lome to resign
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u.s.s. maine
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a ship sent by mckinley to cuba to bring home american citizens in danger of fighting between cubans and americans. it was attacked and 260 men were killed
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who did americans accuse of blowing up the ship?
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the spanish
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what led to the war between the united states and spain
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the accusation by the united states that the spanish blew up the U.S.S. Maine
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where was the first battle of the american -spanish war?
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the Philippine islands
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george dewey
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the commodore who had the americans open fire on every spanish ship in the Philippine capital, Manila so that the american troops could land there
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who supported dewey oddly? why?
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the filipinos--they wanted freedom from the spanish too (just like the cubans)
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who did the americans fight along side with to beat the spaniards at manila?
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filipino rebels
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who was one such filipino rebel who fought with dewey?
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emilio aguinaldo
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compared to the american navy, how was the army?
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ill-prepared and bad. it was mostly made up of volunteers and a small number of professionals
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why was the army so bad (volunteers)
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they were inexperienced and the training camps they were sent to lacked supplies, effective leaders, guns, and adequate uniforms
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rough riders?
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a volunteer army group under the command of roosevelt and leonard wood
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what was the most famous battle fought in Cuba?
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san juan hill
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who was declared the hero of san juan hill?
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teddy roosevelt
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where did america attack after san juan?
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puerto rico
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who signed the treaty of paris?
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spain and america
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how long did the spanish american war last?
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15 weeks
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what is an armistice?
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a cease-fire agreement
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what did the treaty say?
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that spain would free cuba and would turn over the islands of guam and puerto rico to the U.S. and would also sell the Philippines to the U.S. for 20 million
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what was the debate with this treaty of paris?
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whether the U.S. had the right to annex the Philippines
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how did mckinley justify annexing the philippines?
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by saying that it was his duty to christianize the Filipino people--who were already christian (for centuries)
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what did some think the annexation violated?
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the declaration of independence
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what 2 men argued against the treaty?
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samuel gompers and booker t washington
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who ruled over the puerto ricans? did they resist?
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the U.S.'s military. Yes
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2 reasons why puerto rico was very important to the US.
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it kept the United State's presence in the carribbean, and protected a future canal that the americans wanted to make across the isthmus of panama
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foraker act
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when the U.S. government set up a civil government in puerto rico and ended military rule
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what powers did the foraker act have?
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to elect the new puerto rico governor and its upper house members
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what did puerto rico still have the power to choose?
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the members of its lower house legislature
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what did the insuler acts give to the puerto rican people?
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the power to be a U.S. citizen, and to choose the members of their upper and lower houses
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teller amendment?
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passed when the u.s. declared war against spain--it told cubans that they had no intention of taking over any part of cuba
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what also reassured the cubans that the Us. was not trying to take over them
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the treaty of paris
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what did the americans do with cuba?
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occupied it and kiled those who tried to protest. but they also helped eliminate yelllow fever, improve sanitation, and organize medical research and help farmers and provide fod and clothing to families
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platt amendment
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the amendment that the united states insist cuba add to its new constitution
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what did the platt amendment state? (4 things)
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-cuba could not make treaties that might limit its independence or permit a foreign power to control it -u.s. reserved the right to intervene in cuba -cuba was not to go into debt that its govt. could not repay the U.S. could buy or lease land on the island for naval stations and refueling stations
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how did the u.s. make sure that cuba adopted the platt amendment?
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their army would not withdraw until cuba adopted it
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how long did the platt amendment remain in place?
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31 years
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under the platt amendment, which country was a protectorate of the United States?
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cuba
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what is a protectorate?
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a country whose affairs are partially controlled by another country
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why was it important that the united states keep its presence in cuba?
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to protect their businesses that they had there-sugar, tobacco, mining, railroads, and public utilities
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how did the filipinos react to the treaty of paris, which said that they would be annexed by the u.s.?
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with outrage, they fought for their independence with rebel groups
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who was a main rebel leader for the filipinos?
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emilio aguinaldo
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what did the U.S. do when Filipinos started using guerilla tactics against them?
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forced filipinos into designated zones to die
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what did some African American soldiers do when they were supposed to fight the filipinos?
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ibecame friends with them and joined them
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why was china desirable
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it was seen as a vast potential market for AMerican products and presented investors with new opportunities for railroad construction
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what was china known as ?
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"the sick man of asia"
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why did john hay issue the open door notes?
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to protect american interests in china
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what did the open door notes say?
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they proposed that china and america share their trading rights and create an open door. this would mean that no single nation would have a monopoly on trade with any part of china
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wha twere the open door notes in the form of?
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letters
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boxer rebellion?
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when groups of chinese rebels, called Boxers, attacked and killed hundreds of missionaries and other foreigners (mostly Europeans) because they were dominating all of their major cities
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who put down the boxer rebellion? how long did it take to do this?
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american, british, french, german, and japanese troops. it took two months
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why did john hay issue the second set of open door notes?
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to prevent other nations from taking advantage of china after their loss in the boxer rebellion
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what did the second series of open door notes basically say?
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that the US. would keep trading equally and impartially with all parts of CHina
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what did the open door policy reflect about american beliefs? (3)
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1. americans believed that the growth of the u.S. economy depended on exports 2. they felt the US. had the right to intervene abroad to keep foreign markets open 3. they feared that the closing of an area to american products threatened U.s. Survival
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joseph bucklin bishop?
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editor of the Canal Record-the newspaper that provided americans with weekly updates on the building of the panama canal
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why did roosevelt win the Nobel Peace Prize?
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because he solved the fight between japan and russia by having russia give half of sakhalin island and no payment to japan, and by having japan to give japan the profits from interests in manchuria and korea (originally, japan wanted the whole island and a large sum of money)
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why did america want a canal cutting across central america?
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because it would greatly reduce trael time for commercial and military ships
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before just the united states had control of the canal, who also did?
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britain
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which route did the americans choose, and who did they buy the route from?
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the panama route, from the french
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who ruled panama at this time?
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columbia
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what did the panama canal's construction launch?
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a revolt by the Panamanians against the columbians, where they gained their independence
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so, who did the uNited states get consent from to start the construction of the canal?
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panama
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did america support the panamanian rebels?
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yes
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what did the monroe doctrine say?
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it demanded that european countries stay out of the affairs of latin american nations
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what did roosevelt add to the monroe doctrine?
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the roosevelt corollary
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what did the roosevelt corollary say?
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that disorder in Latin America would force the U.S. to use international polic power (harming them)
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dollar diplomacy?
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the policy of using the U.S. government to guarantee loans made to foreign countries by american businesspeople
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missionary diplomacy
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added to the monroe doctrine by president wilson that said that the U.S. had a moral responsibility to deny recognition to any Latin American goernment it viewed as oppressive, undemocratic, or hostile to U.S. interests
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who was the military dictator of mexico?
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porfirio diaz
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what did america's friendship with diaz allow them?
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a large share of mexican oil wells, mines, railroads, and ranches
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who overthrew diaz?
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democrat francisco madero
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who killed madero and took over the mexican government?
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general victoriano huerta
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did the united states recognize the government that huerta formed?
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no
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who said 'speak softly and carry a big stick" what was it about?
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teddy roosevelt about the roosevelt corollary
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what did wilson use the arrest of americans in Mexico as an excuse for?
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the intervening of america in veracruz, an important port
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what happened to huerta's regime? who took over after him as president?
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it collapsed, venestiano carranza became prez
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did wilson recognize carranza's mexico?
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yes
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who were the leaders of carranza's opposition? (rebels)
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pancho villa and emiliano zapata
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why did villa stop being friends with the united states?
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because wilson recognized carranza's government, which he did not like
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what made americans outraged at villa?
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he killed americans on a mining train, and he killed 17 americans in his raid on columbus, new mexico
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who was sent to find villa dead or alive?
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general john pershing
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what did wilson do when pershing could not find him?
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he sent 150,000 national guardsman to station along the mexican border
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what did carranza demand of u.s. troops?
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to leave mexico
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did wilson agree?
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no, he refused to leave until he found villa
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did the americans end up finding and killing villa?
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no
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what did this fight with mexico reveal about the U.S.?
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that it held democracy very close to heart, and wanted other countries to have their own governments be democratic too
