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George Kennan

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US State Dept. Employee who authors the Containment Doctrine. He warned that the USSR would spread communism.

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Domino Effect

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It was president Eisenhower's theory. The theory stated that if one country turned communist the rest would. This theory intialized the policy of containment.

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Truman Doctrine

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First established in 1947 after Britain no longer could afford to provide anti-communist aid to Greece and Turkey, it pledged to provide U.S. military and economic aid to any nation threatened by communism.

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Marshall Plan

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Introduced by Secretary of State, George C. Marshall, it called for spending 12.5 billion over 4yrs in 16 European countries. It revived the European economy and saved them from communist threats.

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Little Rock 9

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Orval Faubus (gov. of Arkansas) used the Nat'l Guard to keep black students from entering the school. In response, Eisenhower sent troops to enforce the Brown v. Board of Education decision and escort the black children to school.

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Henry A. Wallace

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The gov. of Arkanas; against integration in schools

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Taft Harley Act

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Slowed the growth of organized labor unions b/c it made all union shops illegal, made unions responsible for damages, & made union presidents take a noncommunist oath(Truman)

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Operation Dixie

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failed attempt at unionizing s. textile & steel workers

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Brown v. Board

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A landmark decision of the United States Supreme Court, which overturned earlier rulings going back to Plessy v. Ferguson in 1896. Called for integration.(Eisenhower)

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Sunbelt

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The southern and southwestern states, from the Carolinas to California, characterized by warm climate and rapid population growth (new jobs)Ger

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Fall of China

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After WWII, the USSR spreads into Asia and supports Mao Zedong, who takes over China after overthrowing Jiang Jieshi (he flees to Taiwan). China then becomes a communist nation. It was seen as a defeat to the US and its allies (US refuses to recognize Beijing).

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Betty Friedan

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1921-2006. American feminist, activist and writer. Best known for starting the "Second Wave" of feminism through the writing of her book "The Feminine Mystique".

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Yalta conference

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The Big Three (USSR, GB, and US) meet; they decide to give Poland free elections (promise broken), came up w/ the United Nations; Stalin agreed to attack Japan after Germany's downfall in return for ½ of Sakhalin; USSR also got Dairen and Port Arthur

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Berlin Wall/Airlift

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Germany is divided into 4 military occupation zones (US, USSR, France, GB). The USSR sets up a barrier between East Germany and West Germany blocking off Berlin. In response, the US starts up an airlift to Berlin to carry off supplies and the USSR lifts its blockade,

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International Monetary Fund

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regulated $ rates to encourage world trade and provided loans to countries for development projects

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World Bank

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promoted growth in post war areas

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MacArthur

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Occupied Japan with US troops and was appointed UN commander of the operation.He succeeded in democratizing Japan. After that he was the commander for the Korean War. He landed behind the enemy's lines at Inchon which pushed N. Korea behind the 38th parallel. Hethen crossed the 38th parallel into N. Korea and was pushed back over the line by the Chinese. In response to his insubordination (he wanted to fight China), Truman fired him.

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Rosenburg Trial

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Julius and Ethel Rosenburg were executed for alledgedly leaking atomic data to the USSR

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Hiss Trial

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Nixon accused Alger Hiss of being a communist. Hiss demanded the right to defend himself and met Nixon before the Un-American Activities Committee and denied everything. However, he was sentenced to 5 yrs in prison.

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Betty Friedan

answer

1921-2006. American feminist, activist and writer. Best known for starting the "Second Wave" of feminism through the writing of her book "The Feminine Mystique", which raised the issue of a woman's place in society and how deadening suburban "happiness" could be for women.

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Fidel Castro

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Cuban socialist leader who overthrew a dictator in 1959 and established a Marxist socialist state in Cuba (born in 1927)

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Suez Canal

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US didn't want Egypt to have the canal and needed the oil

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sit-ins

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Non-violent type of movement to protest segregation of public facilities. First staged in Greensboro, NC

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Suez Crises

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Egypt looked for funds to build a dam which led to communication with communist countries and put the oil suplly in danger for other countries. In response, GB and France attack Egypt but leave when the US refuses to give them emergency oil.

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Sputnik

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USSR launches the first rocket and sets off the Space Race. In response, NASA is founded in the US.

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Civil Rights Commission

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set up by the Civil Rights Act and was made to investigate violations of civil rights and authorized federal injunctions to protect voting rights

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Civil Rights Act

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set up Civil Rights Comm & allowed fed. govt to protect voting rights

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Geneva Accords

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related to Vietnam; US meets at Geneva w/ France and divides Vietnam at the 38th parallel

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Warsaw Pact

answer

The 1955 treaty binding the Soviet Union and countries of eastern Europe in an alliance against the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. (p. 836)

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NATO

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an alliance made to defend one another if they were attacked by any other country; US, England, France, Canada, Western European countries' marked a break from US's isolationist policy

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Martin Luther King

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He was the young minister that organized the Montgomery busboycotts and later the SCLC. He had the theory of nonviolent civil disobedience and was influenced by Thoreau. His "I have a dream speech" is one of the most famous speeches in American history. He was gunned down in1968 in Memphis, TN

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Eisenhower Doctrine

answer

pledges U.S. military and economic aid to Middle Eastern nations threatened by communist aggression.

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Malcolm X

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became Black Muslims' most dynamic street orator and recruiter; his beliefs were the basis of a lot of the Black Power movement built on seperationist and nationalist impulsesto achieve true independence and equality

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New Frontier

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Plan by JFK; called for energizing the economy by curbing inflation (cut taxes & put $ into private hands)

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Cointelpro

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counterintelligence program vs the peace movement

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Operation Rolling Thunder

answer

bombings on N. Vietnam

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24th Amendment

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abolishes poll tax

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Tonkin Gulf Resolution

answer

Was in response to the Gulf of Tonkin Incident. Lawmakers gave up war-declaring powers & gave LBJ a blank check to use further force in the Vietnam war (escalated it).

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Watergate

answer

the republican committee is caught while bugging rooms at the Watergate hotel=big scandal, corruption *convos about the scandal found on tapes (Nixon won't hand them over) *Gerald Ford is VP after Agnew resigns (25th Amendment) *Sat. Night Massacre: many fired

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Kissinger

answer

met with N. Vietnam to end war, met w/ China & improved relations, met w/ USSR=era of detente

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SALT (strategic arms limitation talks):

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froze # of missiles for 5 years

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Fidel Castro

answer

Led a coup that overthrew the America-supported government of Cuba in 1959. In response, The United States cut off the heavy U.S. imports of Cuban sugar

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Vietnam War

answer

The French controlled Indochina but was defeated by the Viet Minh aided by Ho Chi Minh at the battle of Dienbienphu. The French withdrew and the US stepped in due to the idea of the Domino Effect. Ended as a stalemate

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The Korean War

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Began when N. Korea invaded S. Korea &Truman condemned N. Korea as an agressor. The war was fought under the UN and became a limited war that extended the containment policy to Asia. It ended with an armistice that set the border at the 38th parallel.

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Siagon

answer

The pro-Western government in the south, led by Ngo Dinh Diem, was entrenched at _____ as Vietnam-wide elections, which were promised by Ho Chi Minh, were never held. President Eisenhower promised economic and military aid to the Diem regime of the south.

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Landrum-Griffin Act

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It was designed to bring labor leaders to book for financial shenanigans and to prevent bullying tactics. (Eisenhower)

question

Ernest Hemingway

answer

wrote "The Sun Also Rises" (about American expatriates in Europe) and "A Farewell to Arms." In the 1920's he became upset with the idealism of America versus the realism he saw in World War I.

question

John Steinbeck

answer

He persisted in graphic portrayals of American society. He wrote the Pulitzer Prize-winning novel The Grapes of Wrath, published in 1939 and the novel East Of Eden and Travels with Charley.

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John Heller

answer

wote Catch-22 (1961), which dealt with the improbably antics and anguish of American airmen in the wartime Mediterranean.

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Updike and John Cheever.

answer

The dilemmas created by the new mobility and affluence of American life were explored by ____.

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Louis Auchincloss

answer

wrote about upper-class New-Yorkers.

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Dixiecrats

answer

Walked out of the 1948 Democratic Nat'l Convention to demonstrate their opposition to Pres. Truman's civil rights laws

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David Riesman

answer

Wrote the book The Lonely Crowd which argued that this conformity was changing people.

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John Kenneth Galbraith

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questioned the relation b/t private wealth and the public good

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Elvis Presley

answer

white singer born in 1935 in Tupelo, Mississippi; chief revolutionary of popular music in the 1950s, fused black rhythm and blues with white bluegrass and country styles; created a new musical idiom known forever after as rock and roll

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William Faulkner

answer

led black lit. renaissance

question

Policy of Containment

answer

Following WWII, the US adopted this policy to halt the expansion of Communism

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Gulf of Tonkin Incident

answer

The US alleges that N. Vietnam launched an unprovoked attack on US destroyers.

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Tet Offensive

answer

The Viet Cong attack Siagon and other S. Vietnamese cities, but were forced to retreat after suffering heavy losses. As a result, the ____ undermined LBJ's credibility and antiwar sentiment increased.

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The Silent Majority

answer

Supported Nixon's idea of Vietnamization to w/draw troops from Vietnam and replace them w/ S. Vietnamese troops

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The Invasion of Cambodia

answer

Nixon ordered US forces to join the S.V. army to kick out the Viet Cong w/out consulting Congress

question

War Powers Act

answer

Placed restrictions on Pres's ability to wage wars

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Employment Act

answer

this act made it governmental policy "to promote maximum employment, production, and purchasing power", the act created a 3 member Council of Economic Advisers to provide the president with data and the recommendations to make that policy a reality(Truman)

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GI Bill

answer

For returning soldiers this provided Federal funds for education, businesses and new homes.(Truman)

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Federal Housing Administration

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A federal agency established in 1943 to increase home ownership by providing an insurance program to safeguard the lender against the risk of nonpayment. Currently part of HUD.(Truman)

question

Veterans Administration

answer

a Federal agency that administers benefits provided by law for veterans of the armed forces(Truman)

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Loyalty Program

answer

Truman: the attorney gen. drew up a list of 90 supposedly disloyal organizations. The Loyalty Board in turn investigated fed. employees. Many resigned or were dismissed.

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Fair Deal

answer

Truman called for improved housing, full employment, higher min. wage, better farn price supports, new TVAs ans an extension of SS. As a result, min. wage rose and the Housing Act for public housing passed., and old age insurance

question

National Defense and Education Act

answer

After the Russian satellite "Sputnik" was successfully launched, there was a critical comparison of the Russian to the American education system. The American education system was already seen as too easygoing. So in 1958 Congress made the ______, authorizing $887 million in loans to needy college students and in grants for the purpose of improving the teaching of the sciences and languages.(Eisenhower)

question

Indian New Deal

answer

It cancelled tribal preservation policies(Eisenhower)

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Gideon v Wainwright

answer

A person who cannot afford an attorney may have one appointed by the government

question

Department of Transportation

answer

This was provided by federal agencies to administers polices to aid in highway planning, road development, etc (LBJ)

question

Rachel Carson

answer

Marine biologist and author of Silent Spring who exposed the harmful affects of pesticides

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Philadelphia Plan

answer

this plan forced any construction companies working on federal jobs in philadelphia to create plans for hiring more african american employees (Nixon)

question

Griggs v Duke Power Company

answer

Intelligence tests are prohibited from use due to the exclusion of minorities or women from certain jobs (Nixon)

question

Griswold v Connecticut

answer

all couples can use birth control creating a "right to privacy"

question

Point Four

answer

Program proposed by Truman to lend money to underdeveloped lands in order to help them and prevent them from becoming commies

question

6 Day War

answer

Israel defeats the USSR and takes land from the Sinai peninsula, the Golan Heights, the Gaza Strip, ans the West Bank

question

Strategic air command

answer

Eisenhower: a fleet of superbombers equipped w/ nuclear bombs to inflict retaliation on the USSR or China if needed

question

Hungarian Revolt

answer

Hungarians rose up against the USSR & appealed to the US for aid (US refuses b/c nuclear weapons were too massive for such a retaliation)

question

The Trade Expansion Act

answer

signed in 1962 and gave the U.S. President greater power to negotiate lower tariffs

question

Peace with Honor

answer

Cease fire agreement w/ Vietnam

question

Arab Oil Embargo

answer

Following U.S. support of Israel during Israel's war against Syria and Egypt to regain territory lost during the Six-Day War, the Arab nations imposed an _________ strictly limiting oil in the United States. A speed limit of 55 MPH was imposed, the oil pipeline in Alaska was approved in 1974 despite environmentalists' cries, and other forms of energy were researched.

question

OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries)

answer

lifted the embargo in 1974, yet it then quadrupled the price of oil.

question

My Lai Massacre

answer

1968, in which American troops had brutally massacred innocent women and children in the village of My Lai, also led to more opposition to the war.

question

peace with honor

answer

as the election of 1972 approached, the Nixon administration changed their plans, they stopped insisting on removal of North Vietnamese troops from the south, and focused more on a cease fire agreement with the North Vietnamese.

question

flexible response

answer

Defense Secretary Robert McNamara pushed the strategy of __________ - that is, developing an array of military options that could be precisely matched to the necessities of the crisis at hand. President Kennedy increased spending on conventional military forces.

question

26th Amendment

answer

lowered the voting age to 18.

question

Operation Wetback

answer

Program which apprehended and returned some one million illegal immigrants to Mexico (Eisenhower)

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