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communication

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a systematic process in which individuals interact with and through symbols to create and interpret meaning

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rhetoric

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speaking well and persuasively

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interpersonal communication

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communication between people whose lives mutually influence one another, builds maintians and ends our relationships. Influenced by social expectations.

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intrapersonal communication

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communication with oneself, helps to achieve social adjustment, lack of this skill is associated with mental illness

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group communication

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3 or more people interacting to achieve a shared goal. more intentional and formal than interpersonal. Not necessary voluntary since these scenarios usually involve assignment to a group.

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public communication

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a sender focused form of communication where one person is responsible for conveying info to an audience. The most consistently intentional, formal, goal oriented form of communication.

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mass communication

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public communication that is transmitted to many people through print or electronic media. differs in terms of personal connection between participants. Creates the illusion of a personal connection. There is no immediate feedback loop.

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participants

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senders and or receivers of messages in a communication encounter

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message

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verbal or non verbal content being conveyed from sender to receiver

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encoding

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process of turning thoughts into communication

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decoding

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process of turning communication into thoughts

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channel

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where encoded messages are sent through, a sensory route on which a message travels to the receiver for decoding

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transmission model of communication

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linear one-way process, message sent from one place to another simple and under developed. computer mediated communication

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noise

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anything that interferes with a message being sent

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environmental noise

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any physical present in a communication encounter

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semantic noise

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refers to noise that occurs in the encoding and decoding process when the participants do not understand a symbol.

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interaction model of communication

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views communication as an interaction in which a message is sent and then followed by a reaction/feedback, participants alternate positions as sender and receiver generating meaning within physical and psychological contexts

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feedback

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includes messages sent in response to other messages, makes communication a two way process, less message focused and more interaction focused

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physical context

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environmental factors in a communication encounter (time, temperature, layout, space that influences our communicators

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psychological context

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mental and emotional factors in a communication encounter.

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transaction model of communication

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views communication as a process which communicators generate social realities. We use communication to construct our realities. Accounts for context outside of a single interaction including how social, relational and cultural context frame our interactions.

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social context

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the stated rules or unstated norms that guide communication. we are socialized into our communities, learning rules explicitly and implicitly.

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norms

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social conventions

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relational context

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previous interpersonal history and type of relationship we have with a person. some interactions are guided more by norms and rules, once a relational context is established we can bend or break social norms more easily.

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cultural context

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includes aspects of identities (race, gender, nationality, ethnicity, sex orientation, class & ability). The marginalized are aware of the influence their cultural identity has on communication both to & from them. When cultural context comes to the forefront of an encounter it can be difficult to manage & can lead to avoidance of communication

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integrative learning

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encourages students to reflect on how the content they are learning connects to other classes, their goals, and their civic responsibilities

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academic role of communication

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good communication skills are tied to academic success, this included poor listening skills.

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professional role of communication

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these skills are the most desirable, listening, writing, motivating/persuading, interpersonal, informational interviewing,and small group problem solving skills.

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personal role of communication

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interpersonal

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civic engagement

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working to make a difference in our communities by improving the quality of life of community members.

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physical needs

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allows us to communicate our physical needs, and allows us to thrive

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instrumental needs

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helps us get things done, fulfill goals

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compliance gaining communication

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communication aimed at getting people to behave in a certain way by using rewards, punishments, expertise, liking, debt, altruism, esteem

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relational needs

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help us maintain social bonds and interpersonal relationships

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identity needs

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helps us to present ourselves to others and to be thought of in a particular way.

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communication is a continuous process

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continuous and dynamic sequence of events, varying in intentions, is irreversible, changed by contexts

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communication is guided by culture and context

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influencing how we perceive and define communication, cultural values are reflected by our definitions and models of communication. individualistic vs collectivistic, governed by rules and norms

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communication is learned

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born with capacity, but everyones communication is different because of the different context and cultures in which communication develops with words assigned to meaning

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phatic communication

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scripted and routine verbal interactions intended to establish social binds rather than exchange meaning, shows how we are influenced by rules and norms

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communication ethics

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the process of negotiating and reflecting on our actions and communication regarding what we believe to be right and wrong.

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communication competence

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the knowledge (what & why) of effective & appropriate communication patterns & the ability to use & adapt knowledge in various contexts (influenced by status & power).

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unconscious incompetence

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unaware of lack of competence

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conscious incompetence

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knowing what you should be doing, knowing that you are not doing as well as you should

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conscious competence

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awareness of good communication

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unconscious competence

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successful communication without straining to be competent

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communication apprehension

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fear or anxiety experienced be a person due to actual or imagined communication with another person or persons

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public speaking anxiety

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CA that produces physiological cognitive, and behavioral reactions in people when faced with a real or imagined presentation

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perception

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process of selecting organizing and interpreting information, stimuli pass through our perceptual filters, are organized into our existing structures and then are interpreted based on previous experiences.

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selecting

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first part of perception, we focus our attention on certain info

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salience

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the degree to which something attracts our attention, can be abstract or concrete. 3 features:visually or aurally stimulating, things that meet our needs, and expectations

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visual and aural stimulation

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gets our attention, we use this knowledge to determine the contexts appropriate for different communication

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needs and interests

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instrumental, selective attention helps us to get things done

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expectations

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we tune into what we expect to happen. when a threshold of difference is reached, the unexpected gets our attention

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organizing

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second part of perception process, we sort and categorize into that we perceive based on innate and learned cognitive patterns; proximity, similarity and difference

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punctuation

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organizing things into a timeline to determine cause

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interpretation

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third part of the perception process, in which we assign meaning to our experiences using mental structures called schemata

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schemata

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databases of store, related information that we use to interpret new experiences

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internal attribution

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connect the cause of behaviors to personal aspects

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external attribution

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connect the cause of behaviors to situational factors

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fundamental attribution error

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our tendency to explain others behavior using internal rathe than external attributions

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self serving bias

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perceptual error through which we attribute the cause of our success to internal personal factors while attributing our error to external factors

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first and last impressions

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first impressions matter, we base our expectations of the future on experiences we have had in the past

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primacy effect

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we place more value on the first information we receive about a person

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recency effect

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we put more weight on the most recent impression we have of a persons communication

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influences on perception

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grooming, style, physical characteristics, attractiveness, material objects surrounding the person

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halo effect

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initial positive perceptions lead us to view interactions as positive

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horn effect

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initial negative perceptions lead us to view interactions as negative

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role of culture

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the schemata we use to interpret what we perceive is influenced by our cultural identities. sight, sound, touch, taste, smell- we all have different schemata of what is appropriate, attractive, unattractive etc. marriage, privacy and politics are abstract examples of the role culture has on our schemata and perceptions

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personality

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a persons general way of thinking, feeling and behaving based on underlying motivations and impulses.

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big five

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openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism.

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assumed similarity

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refers to our tendency to perceive others as similar to us

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implicit personality theories

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generalize a persons overall personality traits we can perceive

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self concept

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the overall idea of who a person thinks they are.

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the looking glass self

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we see ourselves reflected in other people's reactions to us and then form our self-concept based on how we believe other people see us.

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social comparison theory

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we describe ourselves in terms of how we compare to others based on inferiority/superiority and similarity/difference, which is incorporated into our self concept.

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non verbal communication

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process of generating meaning using behavior other than words. governed by right side of brain, processed by an older part of our brain-more instinctual & involuntary but not completely. 65% of communication. We rely more on nonverbal for credibility, truth seeking, emotion & interpersonal-except when info seeking is the focus.

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channels of non verbal communication

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all five of the senses, but mostly auditory and visual.

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vocal- non verbal communication

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verbal: spoken words nonverbal: paralanguage vocal element of nonverbal communication, vocalized but not verbal part of a spoken message-speaking rate, pitch, volume,

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nonvocal verbal communication

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sign language and written language

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nonvocal nonverbal communication

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gestures and body language

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biologically based communication

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nonverbal-this is why some nonverbal communication has the same meaning across cultures.

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culturally based communication

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verbal-this is why communications systems across cultures are not recognizable

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ambiguous

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nonverbal communication is more ambiguous and can be linked to multiple meanings. We look for contextual clues. Because there are no grammatical rules, we rely on implicit rules which leads to greater variance.

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credible

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nonverbal is more credible, we rely on verbal communication to fill in blanks, more trust in what people do, especially true in times of stress. actions seen as more instinctual & genuine. harder to fake

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functions of nonverbal communication

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to convey meaning by reinforcing, substituting for, or contradicting verbal communication. Also used to influence others and regulate conversational flow. -relational communication and identity expression

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mixed messages

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messages in which verbal and nonverbal signals contradict one another. lead to uncertainty and confusion in some cases, unless it can be resolved we naturally become upset and withdrawal

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deception

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the intentional act of altering information to influence another person which means that it extends beyond lying to include concealing, omitting, or exaggerating information. nonverbal deception makes verbal deception more credible. Not always malevolent and mean.Often times it is to be courteous. Vital to survival.

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immediacy behaviors

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verbal and nonverbal behaviors that lessen real or perceived physical and psychological distance

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kinesics

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gestures, head movements, posture, eye contact, facial expressions

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gestures

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adaptors, emblems, and illustrators

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adaptors

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touching behaviors and movements that indicate internal states related to anxiety and arousal. self, others, objects etc.

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emblems

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gestures that have a specific agreed on meaning

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illustrators

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most common type of gesture, used to illustrate the verbal message they accompany. Used more subconsciously than emblems.

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head movements and posture

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used to acknowledge others and communication interest or attentiveness.

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eye contact

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oculesics- the study of eye behaviors. function to monitor, regulate interaction, signal cognitive activity, convey information, & establish interpersonal connections.

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pupil dilation

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biometric form of measurement, involuntary, vali and reliable form of communication. pain, sexual attraction, general arousal, anxiety, strew and thought affect. we subconsciously perceive. mood lighting.

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facial expressions

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most expressive part of our bodies, happiness, sadness, fear, anger, disgust. display rules, social smile,

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haptics

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the study of communicate by touch,

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vocalics

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the study of paralanguage,-pitch, volume, rate, vocal quality, and verbal fillers.

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functions of vocalics

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repetition-reinforcement of other cues, complementing-elaborate/modify cues, accenting-emphasis of particular parts, substituting-take place of other cues, regulating-flow of conversations, contradicting-mixing up message

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proxemics

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the study of how space and distance influence communication.

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"personal space"

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differs within cultures but take an oval shape with most distance int he front of the eyes.

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public space

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12 feet or more-least personal of the zones

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social space

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4-12 feet-communication that occurs in the social zone, professional or casual interaction, not intimate or public

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personal space

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1.5-4 feet-friendship, close acquaintances - 2.5-4 is for conversations

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intimate space

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0-1.5 feet-intimate zone, closest friends, family and intimate partners,

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violation of our space

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varying responses to violations, social and public zones is ok for the most part, personal and intimate zone violation leads to upset, even if it is expected. we rely on nonverbal communication to deal with breaches of space, avoid eye contact etc...

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territoriality

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innate drive to take up and defend space

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primary territories

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claim to space is official, home yard room desk...

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secondary territories

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dont belong to us and are not exclusively under our control but they are associated with us. leads us to believe this space is open and available to us. seating...

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public territories

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open to all people, use for a limited period, can lead to conflict, people mark teir territory,

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chronemics

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the study of how time affects communication, biological, personal, physical, and cultural time... as well as the amount of time we spend talking

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biological time

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humans follow a circadian rhythm-daily cycle which can be disturbed.

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personal time

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the ways individuals experience time, based on mood, interest level, and other factors. individuals vary on whether they are future or past oriented.

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physical time

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fixed cycles of the days, years and seasons- can affect mood, and psychological states. SAD

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cultural time

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how a large grow of people view time. polychromic people do not view time as a linear progression that needs to be divided into small units and scheduled in advance, they keep more flexible schedules and engage in several activities at once

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personal presentation and env

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physical characteristics-body shape, height, weight, attractiveness, and other features of the body-not much control artifacts-clothes, jewelry, body art, political, social, and cultural symbols used to send messages about who we are to other people. Number and size of artifacts play a large part. environment-we can manipulate the env too. objects and furniture.

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nonverbal congruence

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consistency among different nonverbal expressions, non verbal communication is multichannel in nature, when we are aware of the message we are sending we can avoid non congruence.

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signal changes/nonverbal gestures

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can affect our own emotions and others, when we are aware of them, we can interject and change the trajectory of our comm

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monitoring and controlling nonverbal displays

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more comfortable public speakers,

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mirroring

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subconscious practice of using nonverbal cues in a way that match those of others around us. sends implicit messages

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encoding

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the ability to encode signals allows for nonverbal cues to regulate our conversations and communicate understanding with compliance or lack of compliance

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being a good listener to nonverbal

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involves nonverbal encoding competence, signals that a person is sending must be received for effective communication. things like attentiveness...

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impression management

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nonverbal communication is key to achiveing identity goals.

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civil inattention

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a social norm that leads us to avoid making eye contact with people in situations that deviate from expected social norms.

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