Principles of Chemistry I: Immune system – Flashcards
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| Inside your body there is an amazing protection mechanism called the ______ ______. It is designed to defend you against millions of bacteria, microbes, viruses, toxins and parasites that would love to invade your body. |
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| Immune System |
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| The major components of the immune system are (there are 8): |
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| Thymus, spleen, lymph system, bone marrow, white blood cells, antibodies, complement system, hormones |
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| __________ hold up to 80% of all of our immune function by some sources |
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| Intestines |
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| In your chest, between your breast bone and your heart, is responsible for producing T-cells (see later) early in our lives. |
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| Thymus |
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| The ______ filters the blood looking for foreign cells (it also looks for old red blood cells in need of replacement to destroy and recycle |
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| Spleen |
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| What is the main function of bone marrow? |
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| Produces new red and white blood cells. |
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| The marrow produces all blood cells from ____ _____. |
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| Stem Cells |
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| Precursors to different cell types: |
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| Stem Cells |
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| These blood cells are fully formed in the bone marrow, and enter the blood stream fully formed. |
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| Red Blood Cells |
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| These blood cells are produced in the bone marrow, but mature elsewhere. |
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| White Blood Cells |
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| Lymph is blood plasma. What is blood plasma? |
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| The liquid that makes up blood minus the red and white blood cells. |
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| Random bacteria that enter the body eventually end up in this fluid. |
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| Lymph |
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| The cells also produce proteins and waste products and the _____ absorbs these products and carries them away. |
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| Lymph |
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| One job of the _____ ______ is to drain and filter these fluids to detect and remove the bacteria. |
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| Lymph System |
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| How is lymph moved throughout the body? Hint: its not pumped. |
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| Lymph is not pumped through the body like blood, but instead is “pushed” through the lymph system as the vessels are compressed by surrounding muscles |
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| Lymph eventually drains into the Left and Right __________ veins. |
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| Subclavian |
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| __________ are also referred to as immuno-globulins and gamma-globulins |
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| Antibodies |
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| Antibodies are produced by _____ _____ _____. |
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| White Blood Cells (specifically, the differentiated form of a B-cell known as a plasma cell) |
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| What shape, in general, are antibodies? |
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| Y-shaped |
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| They are Y-shaped proteins that each respond to a ________ _______ (bacteria, virus or toxin) and are ADAPTIVE. |
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| Specific Antigen |
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| When an antibody binds to a toxin, it is called a/an _________. |
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| Antitoxin |
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| When an antibody binds to a venom, it is called a/an _________. |
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| Antivenom |
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| The binding of an antibody to a toxin generally enables/disables the chemical action of the toxin |
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| Disables |
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| When an antibody binds to the outer coat of a virus particle or the cell wall of a bacterium it can facilitate/stop their movement through cell walls. |
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| Stop |
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| A large number of antibodies can bind to an invader and signal to the __________ ______ that the invader needs to be removed. |
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| Compliment System |
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| What are the 5 classes of Antibodies? |
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| IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, IgD |
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| Which classes of antibodies are monomers? There are 3. |
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| IgD, IgE, IgG |
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| Which class of antibody is a dimer? There is only one. |
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| IgA |
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| Which class of antibody is a pentamer? There is only one. |
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| IgM |
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| Which antibody is the most common in the body, making up roughly 70-75% of the antibodies? |
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| IgG |
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| Which antibody is typically found in bodily secretions, such as sweat, breast milk, and mucous of the respiratory and gastrointestinal systems? |
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| IgA |
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| This type of antibody causes the release of histamine in response to an allergy. It also protects against parasitic worms. |
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| IgE |
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| This antibody is the only one that crosses the placenta, and therefore, the only antibody that provides passive immunity to the fetus. |
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| IgG |
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| There are only a handful of proteins in the __________ ______, which float freely in your blood, that assist the antibodies in a less specific fashion |
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| Compliment System |
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| Complements are manufactured in the _____. |
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| Liver |
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| Compliment causes the ________ of cells. |
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| Bursting/Lysing |
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| There are several ________ generated by components of the immune system. |
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| Hormones |
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| Steroids and corticosteroids (components of adrenaline) ________ the immune system. |
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| Suppress |
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| _______ is a hormone that encourages lymphocyte production (a lymphocyte is a form of white blood cell - see below). |
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| Thymosin |
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| Name 4 Surface barriers to microorganism attack: |
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| - Skin – Mucus in nasal passages and lungs – Lysozyme in the tears of eyes – HCl (low pH) in the stomach |
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| What are the two different types of immunity? |
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| Innate and Adaptive |
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| A hypersensitivity reaction is also known as? |
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| Allergic Reaction |
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| Which antibody is most closely associated with hypersensitivity reactions? |
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| IgE |
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| Hyperseneitivity reactions can be severe: closing airways, blood pressure drops, and circulatory collapse occur as this type of shock sets in: |
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| anaphylactic shock |
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| Are hypersensitivities (allergies) permanent, or can it be lost eventually? |
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| In theory, people can overcome, or become desensitized to, allergies. |
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| What is immune incompetence? |
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| The immune system stops working |
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| Which type of disease is characterized by the immune system no longer recognizing its own cells and starting to attack them? |
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| Autoimmune Disease |
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| Rheumatoid arthritis and Lupus are two of this type of disease: |
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| Autoimmune disease |
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| These stimulate antibody production, which can last for years. |
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| Vaccinations |
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| What are the 4 types of vaccinations? |
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| 1. Live attenuated (weakened) virus or bacterial for virus protection 2. Inactive (killed) bacteria or virus 3. Toxiods (poisons) that kill bacteria 4. Component systems (part of a virus or bacteria) |
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| Why are diseases such as cholera and influenza not easily controlled by vaccinations? |
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| These types of diseases mutate easily. Vaccines typically only control one form of the disease, meaning that when the disease mutates, it can mutate into a form of the disease that is not controlled by the vaccine. |
