L to J vocab – Flashcards

Unlock all answers in this set

Unlock answers
question
absolute zero
answer
the zero point on the kelvin temperature scale, equivalent to -273.15C
question
accepted value
answer
a quantity used by general agreement of the scientific community
question
accuracy
answer
the closeness of a measurement to the true value of what is being measured
question
acid
answer
a compound that produces hydgrogen ions in solution
question
activity series
answer
a list of elements in order of decreasing activity
question
actual yield
answer
the amount of product that forms whe a reaction is carried out in the labratory
question
allotrope
answer
one of two or more differnet molecular forms of an element in the same physical state
question
alloy
answer
a misture composed of two or more elements, at least one of which is a metal
question
amplitude
answer
the hight of a wave's crest
question
anion
answer
any atom or group of atoms with a negative charge
question
aqueous solution
answer
water that contains dissolved substances
question
atomic emission spectrum
answer
the pattern formed whn light passes through a prism or diffraction grating to separate it into the different frequencies of light it contains
question
atomic mass
answer
the weighted average of the masses of the isotopes of an element
question
atomic mass unit
answer
a unit of mass equal to one-twelfth the mass of carbon-12 atom
question
atomic number
answer
the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom of an element
question
atomic orbital
answer
a mathematical expression describing the probability of finding an electron at various locations
question
atomic radius
answer
one-half the distance between the nuclei of two atoms of the same element when the atoms are joined
question
aufbau principle
answer
the rule that electrons occupy the orbitals of lowest energy first
question
avagadro's number
answer
the number representative particles contained in one mole of a substance
question
balanced equation
answer
a chemical equation in which mass is conserved
question
base
answer
a compound that produces hydroxide ions in solution
question
binary compound
answer
a compound composed of two elements
question
bioling point elevation
answer
the difference in temperature between the boiling point of a solution and the boiling point of the pure solvent
question
bonding orbital
answer
a molecular orbital that can be occupied by two electrons of covalent bond
question
boyle's law
answer
for a given mass of gas at constant temp, the volume of the gas varies inversely with pressure
question
brownian motion
answer
the chaotic movement of colloidal particles, caused by collision with particles of the solvent in which they are dispersed
question
calorie
answer
the quantity of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 g fo pure water
question
calorimeter
answer
an insulated device used to measure the absorption or release of heat in chemical or physical processes
question
calorimetry
answer
the precise measurement of heat flow out of a system for chemical and physical processes
question
catalyst
answer
a substance that increases the rate of reaction by lowering the activation-energy barrier
question
cathode ray
answer
a stream of electrons produced at the negative electrode of a tube containing a gas at low pressure
question
cation
answer
any atom or group of atoms with a positve charge
question
charle's law
answer
the volume of a fixed mass of gas is directly proportional to its kelvin temperature if the pressure is kept constant
question
chemical equation
answer
an expression representing a chemical reaction
question
chemical formula
answer
an expression that indicates the number and type of atoms present in the smallest representative unit of substance
question
coefficients
answer
a small whole number that appears in front of a formula in a balanced chemical equation
question
colligative properties
answer
a property of a solution that depends only upon the number of solute particles, and not upon their identities
question
combined gas law
answer
the law that describes the relationship among the pressure, temperature, and volume of an enclosed gas
question
combustion
answer
a chemical change in which an element or a compound reacts with oxygen, often producing energy in the form of heat and light
question
complete ionic equation
answer
an equation that shows dissolved ionic compounds as dissociated free ions
question
composition
answer
question
compressibility
answer
a measure of how much the volume of matter decreases under pressure
question
concentrated solution
answer
a solution containing a large amount of solute
question
concentration
answer
a measurement of the amount of solute that is dissolved in a given quantity of solvent
question
conversion factor
answer
a ratio of equivalent measurements used to convert a quantity from one unit to another
question
coordinate covalent bond
answer
a covalent bond in which one atom contributes both bonding electrons
question
coordination number
answer
the number of ions of oppisite charge that surround each ion in a crystal
question
covalent bond
answer
a bond formed by the sharing of electrons between atoms
question
decomposition
answer
a chemical change in which a single compound is broken down into two or more simpler products
question
diatomic molecule
answer
a molecule consisting of two atoms
question
diffusion
answer
the tendancy of molecules to move toward areas of lower concentration until the concentration is uniform throughout
question
dilute solution
answer
a solution that contains a small amount of solute
question
dimensional analysis
answer
a technique of problem-solving that uses the units that are part of a measurement to help solve the problem
question
dipole
answer
a molecule that has two poles, or regions with opposite charges
question
dispersion force
answer
attractions between molecules caused by the electron motion on one molecule affectin g the electron motion on the other trhough electrical forces
question
distillation
answer
a process used to separate dissolved solids from a liquid, which is biled to produce a vapor that is then condencsed into a liquid
question
double covalent bond
answer
a bond in which two atoms share two pairs of electrons
question
double displacement
answer
a chemical change that involves an exchange of positive ions between tow compuonds
question
effusion
answer
the process that occurs when a gas escapes through a tiny hole in its container
question
electrolyte
answer
a compound that conducts an electric current when it is in a an aqueous solution or in the molten state
question
electron configuration
answer
the arrangement of electrons of an atom in its ground state into various orbitals around the nuclei of atoms
question
electron dot diagram
answer
a notation that depicts valence electrons as dots areound the atomic symbol of the element
question
electronegativity
answer
the ability of an atom to attract electrons when the atom is in a compound
question
empirical formula
answer
a formula with the lowest whole number ratio of elements in a compound
question
endothermic process
answer
a process that absorbs heat from the surroundings
question
energy levels
answer
the specific energies an electron in an atom or other system can have
question
enthalpy
answer
the heat content of a system at constant pressure
question
error
answer
the difference between the accepted value and the experimental value
question
excess reactant
answer
a reactant present in a quantity that is more than sufficent to react with a limiting reactant
question
exothermic process
answer
a process that releases heat to its surroundings
question
experimental value
answer
a quantitative value measured during an experiment
question
extensive property
answer
a property that depends on the amount of matter in a sample
question
filtration
answer
a process that separates a solid from the liquid in a heterogeneous mixture
question
formula unit
answer
the lowest whole number ratio of ions in an ionic compound
question
freezing point depression
answer
the difference in temperature between the freezing point of a solution and the freeaing point of the pure solvent
question
frequency
answer
the number of wave cycles that pass a given point per unit of time
question
Gay-Lussac's Law
answer
the pressure of a gas is directly proportional to the kelvin temperature if the volume is constant
question
ground state
answer
the lowest possible energy of an electron described by quantum mechanics
question
heat
answer
energy that transfers from one object to another because of a temperature diffeence between teh objects
question
heisenberg uncertainty
answer
it is impossible to know exactly both the velocity and the positio of a particle at the same time
question
Hund's Rule
answer
electrons occpy orbitals of the same energy in a way that makes the number of electrons with the same spin direction as large as possible
question
hydrate
answer
a compound that has a specific number of water molecules bound to each formula unit
question
hybridization
answer
the mixing of several atomic orbitals to form the same total number of equivalent hybrid orbitals
question
hydrogen bonds
answer
attractive forces in which a hydrogen covalentlybonded to a very electronegative atom is also weakly bonded to an unshared electron pair of another electronegative atom
question
intensive property
answer
a property that depends on the type of matter in a sample, not the amount of matter
question
intensive property
answer
a property that depends on the type of matter in a sample, not the amount of matter
question
ion
answer
an atom or group of atoms that has a positive or negative charge
question
ionic bond
answer
the electrostatic attraction that binds oppositely charged ions together
question
ionization energy
answer
the energy required to remove an electron from an atom in its gaseous state
question
isotope
answer
atoms of the same element that hve the same atomic number but different atomic masses due to a different number of nuetrons
question
joule
answer
the SI unit of energy
question
law of conservation of energy
answer
in any chemical or physical process, energy is neither created nor destroyed
question
law of definite proportions
answer
in samples of any chemical compound,the masses of elements are always in the same proportion
question
law of conservation of mass
answer
in any physical change or chemical reaction, mass is conserved
question
law of multiple proportions
answer
whenever two elements form more than one compound
question
limiting reactant
answer
any reactant that is used up first in a chemical reaction
question
mass number
answer
the total number of the amount of matter that an object contains
question
melting point
answer
the temperature at which a substance changes from a solid to a liquid
question
metallic bond
answer
the force of attractino that holds metals together
question
molality
answer
the concentration of solute in a solution expressed as the number of moles of solute dissolved in 1 kilogram of solvent
question
molar mass
answer
a term used to refer to the massof a mole of any substance
question
molar volume
answer
the volume occupied by 1 mole of a gas at standard temperature and pressure
question
molarity
answer
the concentration of solute in a solution expressed as the numberof moles of solute dissolved in 1 liter of solution
question
mole
answer
the amount of a substance that contains 6.o2x1023 representative particles of that substance
question
molecule
answer
a neutral group of atoms joined together by covalent bonds
question
monatomic ion
answer
a single atom with a positive or negative charge resulting from the loss or gain of one or more valence electrons
question
net ionic equation
answer
an equation for a reaction in solution showing only those particles that are directly involved in the chemical change
question
nonpolar covalent bond
answer
a covalent bond in which the electrons are shared equally by two atoms
question
octet rule
answer
atoms react by gaining or losing electrons so as to acquire the stable electron structure of a noble gas, usually eight valence electrons
question
pascal
answer
the SI unit of pressure
question
Paulie exclusion principle
answer
an atomic orbital may describe at most two electrons, each with opposite spin direction
question
percent composition
answer
the percent by mass of each element in a compound
question
percent error
answer
the percent that a measured value differs from the accepted value
question
percent yeild
answer
the ratio of the actual yield to the theoretical yield for a chemical reaction expressed as a percentage
question
periodic law
answer
when the elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic number, there is a periodic repetition of their physical and chemical properties
question
phase
answer
any part of a sample with uniform composition and properties
question
photon
answer
a quantum of light
question
pi bond
answer
a covalent bond in which the bonding elctrons are most likely to be found in sausage-shaped regions above and below the bond axis of the bonded axis
question
polar bond
answer
a covalent bond between atomsin which the electrons are shared unequally
question
polar molecule
answer
a molecule in which one side of the molcule is slightly negative and the opposite side is slightly positive
question
polyatomic ion
answer
a tightly bound group of atoms that behaves as unit and has a positive or negative change
question
precipitate
answer
a solid that forms and settles out of a liquid mixture
question
product
answer
a substance produced in a chemical reaction
question
quantum
answer
the amount of energy needed to move an electron from one energy level to another
question
quantum mechanical model
answer
the modern description, primarily mathematical, of the behavior of electrons in atoms
question
reactant
answer
a substance present at the start of a reaction
question
representative particle
answer
the smallest unit into which a substance can be broken down without a change in composition, usually atoms, molecules, or ions
question
saturated solution
answer
a solution containing the maximum amount of solute for a given amount of solvent at a constant temperature and pressure
question
sigma bond
answer
a bond formed when two atomic orbitals combine for form a molecular orbital that is symmetrical around the axis connecting the two atomic nuclei
question
significant digits
answer
all the digits that can be known precisely in a measurement, plus a last estimated digit
question
single covalent bond
answer
a bond formed when two atoms share a pair of electrons
question
single displacement reaction
answer
a chemical change in which one element replaces a second element in a compound
question
skeletal equation
answer
a chemical equation that does not indicate the relative amounts of reactants and products
question
solubility
answer
the amount of a substance that dissolves in a given quantity of solvent at specified conditions of temperature and pressure to produce a saturated solution
question
solute
answer
dissolved particles in a solution
question
solution
answer
a homogeneous mixture
question
solvent
answer
the dissolving medium in a solution
question
specific heat
answer
the amount of heat needed to increase the temperature of 1 g of a substance 1 C
question
spectator ion
answer
an ion that is not directly involved in a chemical reaction
question
spectrum
answer
wavelengths of visible light that are separated when a beam of light passes through a prism
question
standard temperature and pressure
answer
the conditions under which the volume of a gas is usually measured
question
stoichiometry
answer
that portion of chemistry dealing with numerical relationships in chemical reactions
question
structural formula
answer
a chemical formula that shows the arrangement of atoms in a molecule or a polyatomic ion
question
supersaturated solution
answer
a solution that contains more solute than it can theoretically hold at a given temperature
question
surface tension
answer
an inward force that tends to minimize the surface area of a liquid
question
theoretical yield
answer
the amount of product that could form during a reaction calculated from a balanced chemical equation
question
triple covalent bond
answer
a covalent bond in which three pairs of electrons are shared by two atoms
question
Tyndall effect
answer
scattering of light by particles in a colloid or suspension, which causes a beam of light to become visible
question
unsaturated solution
answer
a solution that contains less solute than a saturated solution at a given temperature and pressure
question
valence electron
answer
an electron in the highest occupied energy level of an atom
question
van der waals force
answer
the two weakest intermolecular attractions--dispersion interactions and dipole forces
question
vapor
answer
describes the gaseous state of a substance that is generally a liquid or solid at room temperature
question
vapor pressure
answer
a measure of the force exerted by a gas above a liquid in a sealed container
Get an explanation on any task
Get unstuck with the help of our AI assistant in seconds
New