Exambusters Chemistry Study Cards 7 – Flashcards
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Unlock answers| Compare ionic radii: Cl, S, P What is the reason for their different sizes? |
| Cl1- is smallest; P3- is largest The P atom gained the most e- and has the most shells. |
| Compare ionic radii: Na, Mg, Al What is the reason for their different sizes? |
| Na1+ is largest Al3+ is smallest The Al atom lost the most e- and has the fewest shells. |
| Describe the change in nonmetallic activity across the periodic table. |
| Non-metallic activity increases across the table left to right and decreases down the columns. |
| Describe the change in electronegativity across the periodic table. |
| Electronegativity tends to increase across the table left to right, and decrease down the columns. |
| Describe the change in metallic activity across the periodic table. |
| Metallic activity decreases across the table left to right and increases down the columns. |
| Electronegativity |
| The ability of an atom to attract the e- in a covalent bond to itself. Values range from 0.7 (Cs) to 4.0 (F) |
| Describe the change in ionization energy across the periodic table |
| Ionization energy tends to increase from left to right across the table and decrease down the columns. |
| Ionization energy |
| The energy change required for the removal of the outermost electron from a gaseous atom to form a 1+ ion. |
| List basic facts: Chromium |
bluish-white, brittle transition metal, hard, corrosion-resistant chief ore: chromite uses: chromium plating, paint pigment |
| List basic facts: Nickel |
Hard, white metal which resists tarnish; ferromagnetic, the magnetic alloy is called alnico. uses: coins; catalyst for hydrogenation of fats |
| List basic facts: Copper |
principal ores: chalcocite, cuprite chalcopyrite soft, red-brown, ductile, malleable uses: wires, brass, bronze |
| List basic facts: Zinc |
principal ores: sphalerite, smithsonite, zincite uses: galvanized iron, dry cells, electrical connectors, die casting |
| List basic facts: mercury |
The only liquid metal at room temperature. uses: thermometers, Hg vapor lamps |
| List basic facts: Oxygen |
| Most abundant element of earth (20% or air, 89% or H2O). Obtained by fractional distillation of liquid air or electrolysis of water. Reactive at high temperatures. |
| List basic facts: Nitrogen |
| Major component of air (78%). Obtained by fractional distillation of liquid air. Inert and stable. compounds: NH3, NHO3, NO |
| List basic facts: Chlorine |
| kills bacteria in H2O. component of gastric juice in stomach (HCl) table salt (NaCl) produced by electrolysis of seawater |
| List basic facts: Fluorine |
| Elemental gas is poisonous. Component of freon (refrigerator gas), plastics, toothpaste, insecticides. |
| List basic facts: Iodine |
| Obtained from nitrate and seawater deposits. Used in the drug industry (iodine solution, iodoform) and in table salt. |
| List basic facts: Bromine |
| Liquid at room temperature. Prepared from seawater. Used in the petroleum, drug and photographic industries. |
| List basic facts: Phosphorus |
two allotropes: white and red can combine with oxygen and hydrogen used in: matches, rat poison, grenades compounds: H3PO4, phosphates |
| List basic facts: Sulfur |
Not active at room temperature. Large amounts occur in nature. Occurs in 3 allotropic forms. Compounds: H2SO4, SO2, sulfa drugs, gunpowder, matches |
| List basic facts: Silicon |
second to oxygen in abundance (25% of earth's crust) found in silicate rocks, clay, mica, SiO2, quartz, sand hard and brittle; SiO2 forms glass |
| List basic facts: Carbon |
allotropic: e.g. diamond, graphite backbone of molecules in plants and animals. compounds: fats, sugars, gasoline |
| List basic facts: Ammonium ion |
The ammonium ion (NH41+) behaves chemically like an alkali metal. Uses: fertilizers, baking powder, soldering flux, explosives |
| List basic facts: Magnesium |
abundant (2% of the earth's crust) found in seawater, salt beds and silicates uses: structural metal, flashbulbs, milk of magnesia |
| List basic facts: Tin |
| soft, white low-melting metal uses: tinplate to protect steal and in alloys |
| List basic facts: Lead |
| Soft, non-elastic, low-melting, blue-white metal. Becomes dark grey in air. uses: piping, telephone cables, alloys |
| List basic facts: Silver |
Found uncombined or as Ag2S; bright, lustrous, soft, malleable. uses: silver plating, jewelry, photographic film and paper |
| List basic facts: Gold |
Found uncombined as nuggets or grains. Uses: coins, jewelry, alloys |
| List basic facts: Platinum Metals |
| Ru, Rh, Pd, Os, Ir, Pt Inert, occurs free in nature, rare and expensive Uses of Platinum: dentistry, jewelry, industrial catalyst |
| List basic facts: Calcium |
| abundant 3% of Earth's crust) found in limestone, marble, chalk, and seashells Uses: essential to bones and teeth, concrete, mortar |
| List basic facts: Aluminum |
| most abundant metal (7% of earth's crust) found in mica, feldspar bauxite (principal ore) uses: structure (wheels, building) foil, paint, electric wires |
| List basic facts: Iron |
| abundant (5% of Earth's crust) principal ores: hematite, pyrite, magnetite separated from ore in a blast furnace uses: structural, magnetic, dyes |
| Ionic Hydride |
| Hydrogen combines with active metals to form ionic compounds where the valence of hydrogen is 1- (NaH), CaH2, LiH) |
| Combustion |
| A reaction where O2 combines with another substance so rapidly that heat and light are released. |
| Write the equation for the combustion of methane. |
| CH4 + 2O2;; CO2 + 2H2O |
| Nitrogen fixation |
| The process of inducing nitrogen to combine chemically with other elements. e.g. 3Mg + N2;; Mg3N2 |
| Haber process |
| The fixation of nitrogen to hydrogen, in the presence of metal catalyst, at high temperature and pressure, to form ammonia. N2 +3H2;; 2NH3 |
| Deionization |
| A process to separate water from its solutes. Water flows through resins which absorb the ions. |
| Distillation |
| A process used to separate a mixture based on different boiling points of the components. Components are separately vaporized then condensed. |
| Malleable |
| A physical property of metals; can be easily made into sheets e.g. aluminum foil |
| Ductile |
| A physical property of metals; can be drawn into a wire. e.g. copper electrical wires |
| Halogens |
| A family (Group VIIA) of elements with seven electrons in their outer shell. They are abundant and chemically active. F, Cl, Br, I, At |
| Noble Metals |
| The few metals which occur uncombined in nature: gold, silver, platinum, copper |
| Metalloid |
| An element with the properties of both metals and non-metals. e.g. Si, AS, Ge, Sb, Te |
| Alkaline Earth Metals |
| a family of metals which form 2+ cations chemically active their oxides form mildly basic solutions e.g. Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba |
| Describe the change in Atomic Radius across the periodic table |
| The atomic radius tends to decrease from left to right across the table and increase down the columns. |
| Lanthanide and Actinide Series |
| Transition elements #57-71 and #90-103 which have partially filled f orbitals. Only the first four elements occur naturally |
