Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions – Flashcards
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answersquestion
| Who proposed the atomic theory? |
answer
| John Dalton |
question
| Who laid the experimental foundation of modern chemistry? |
answer
| Antoine Lavoisier |
question
| What do Dalton's atomic theory explain? |
answer
| Atom, element, compound, and chemical reaction |
question
| Atomic symbol |
answer
| one- or two-letter notation used to represent an atom corresponding to a particular element |
question
| law of multiple proportions |
answer
| (Dalton) When two elements form more than one compound, the masses of one element in these compounds for a fixed mass of the other element are in ratios of small whole numbers |
question
| nucleus |
answer
| atom's central core that is positively charged and contains most of the atom's mass |
question
| electron |
answer
| a very light, negatively charged particle and exists in the region around the atom's positively charged nucleus |
question
| cathode |
answer
| negative electrode |
question
| anode |
answer
| the positive electrode |
question
| what is the unit of electric charge that is abbreviated C |
answer
| coulomb |
question
| What was Rutherford's contribution to chemistry? |
answer
| He discovered the nuclear model of the atom and found that most of the mass of the atom (99.95% or more) is concentrated in the nucleus, around which electrons move |
question
| proton |
answer
| nuclear particle having a positive charge equal to that of the electron |
question
| atomic number |
answer
| abbreviated (Z); the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom |
question
| element |
answer
| a substance whose atoms all have the same atomic number |
question
| neutron |
answer
| nuclear particle having a mass almost identical to that of the proton |
question
| mass number |
answer
| abbreviated (A); total number of protons and neutrons in a nucleus |
question
| nuclide |
answer
| an atom characterized by a definite atomic number and mass number |
question
| isotopes |
answer
| atoms whose nuclei have the same atomic number but different mass number; same number of protons, but different numbers of neutrons |
question
| Why are most atomic decimals on the periodic table expressed in decimals? |
answer
| They're the average atomic masses of the isotopes of that element |
question
| mass spectrometer measures... |
answer
| atomic masses |
question
| atomic mass unit (amu) |
answer
| mass unit equal to one-twelfth the mass of a carbon-12 atom |
question
| atomic weight |
answer
| average atomic mass for the naturally occurring element expressed in atomic mass units |
question
| fractional abundance of an isotope |
answer
| the fraction of the total number of atoms that is composed of a particular isotope |
question
| periodic table |
answer
| a systematic arrangement of elements in rows and columns, highlighting the regular repetition of properties of the elements |
question
| period |
answer
| elements in one horizontal row of the periodic table |
question
| group |
answer
| elements in any one column of the periodic table |
question
| Group IA of the period table is called... |
answer
| alkali metals, soft metals and that react easily with water |
question
| Group VIIA of the periodic table is called... |
answer
| halogens |
question
| metal |
answer
| substance or mixture that is a good conductor of heat and electricity (except for mercury) |
question
| nonmetal |
answer
| element that does not exhibit the characteristics of a metal; most nonmetals are gases (bromine is the only liquid nonmetal) |
question
| metalloid (semimetal) |
answer
| element having both metallic and nonmetallic properties; semiconductors |
question
| chemical formula |
answer
| notation that uses atomic symbols with numerical subscripts to convey the relative proportions of atoms of the different elements in the substance (ex. H2O) |
question
| molecule |
answer
| a definite group of atoms that are chemically bonded together |
question
| molecular formula |
answer
| gives exact number of different atoms of an element in a molecule |
question
| polymers |
answer
| very large molecules that are made up of smaller molecules repeatedly linked together |
question
| monomers |
answer
| small molecules that are linked together to form polymers |
question
| ion |
answer
| an electrically charged particle |
question
| anion |
answer
| negatively charged ion |
question
| cation |
answer
| positively charged ion |
question
| organic compounds |
answer
| molecular substances that contain carbon |
question
| hydrocarbons |
answer
| compounds with hydrogen and carbon |
question
| functional group i |
answer
| s a reactive portion of a molecule that undergoes predictable reactions |
question
| functional group -OH |
answer
| alcohol |
question
| functional group -O- |
answer
| ether |
question
| functional group -COOH |
answer
| carboxylic acid |
question
| chemical nomenclature |
answer
| systematic naming of chemical compounds |
question
| inorganic compounds |
answer
| composed of elements other than carbon |
question
| oxoanions |
answer
| ion that consists of oxygen and another element (can be recognized by suffix -ate or -ite) |
question
| binary compounds |
answer
| a compounds composed of only two elements |
question
| oxoacid |
answer
| an acid containing hydrogen, oxygen, and another element |
question
| hydrate |
answer
| a compounds that contains water molecules weakly bound in its crystals |
question
| chemical equation |
answer
| symbolic representation of a chemical reaction in terms of chemical formulas |
question
| reactant |
answer
| starting substance in a chemical reaction |
question
| product |
answer
| substance that results from a reaction |
question
| molecular weight (MW) |
answer
| sum of the atomic weights of all the atoms in a molecule of the substance |
question
| formula weight (FW) |
answer
| sum of the atomic weights of all atoms in a formula unit |
question
| mole |
answer
| quantity of a given substance that contains as many molecules or formula units of atoms in 12g of carbon-12 |
question
| Avogadro's number |
answer
| number of atoms in 12g of carbon-12 (6.02x10^23) |
question
| molar mass |
answer
| the mass of one mole of a substance |
question
| stoichiometry |
answer
| the calculation of the quantities of reactants and products involved in a chemical reaction |
question
| limiting reactant |
answer
| the reactant that is entirely consumed when a reaction goes to completion |
question
| theoretical yield |
answer
| maximum amount of a product that can be obtained by a reaction from a given amounts of reactants |
