question

A strong hand preference reflects the greater capacity of one side of the brain, or the _______ to carry out skilled motor action.

answer

dominant cerebral hemisphere

question

t/f For right-handed people, language is housed with hand control in the left hemisphere of the brain

answer

t

question

For left-handers, language is typically shared between both hemispheres, which indicates that their brains tend to be (less / more) strongly lateralized than those of right-handers.

answer

less

question

List three possible influences on handedness.

answer

A. practice B. genetics C. developmental problems

question

True or False: During early childhood, many children become picky eaters

answer

t

question

Why does appetite decline in early childhood? What is the possible adaptive value of preschoolers' wariness of new foods?

answer

A. growth has slowed B. they will not swallow weird things when adults are gone

question

Cite two factors that influence young children's food preferences

answer

A. peers B. repeated unpressured exposure to a new food causes acceptance

question

What is the leading cause of childhood mortality in industrialized countries?

answer

unintentional injuries

question

List the three most common injuries during the early childhood years.

answer

A. auto and traffic accidents B. drownings C. burns

question

Because of their higher activity level and greater willingness to take risks, (boys / girls) are 1.5 times more likely to be injured than (boys / girls).

answer

boys/girls

question

Describe family characteristics associated with injury.

answer

poverty and low parental education

question

Provide reasons for the high childhood injury rates in the United States and Canada.

answer

extensive poverty, shortages of high-quality child care, and high rate of births to teenagers who are not ready for parenthood

question

True or False: About 10 percent of Canadian parents and 40 percent of American parents fail to place their preschoolers in car safety seats.

answer

T

question

What types of programs are needed to prevent childhood injuries?

answer

Programs based on behavior modification (modeling and reinforcement) improve parent and child safety practices. Attention must also be paid to family conditions that can prevent childhood injury: relieving crowding in the home, providing social supports to ease parental stress, and teaching parents to use effective discipline

question

Around age 3, children begin to understand _________, or the ability to view a symbolic object as both an object in its own right and a symbol.

answer

dual representation

question

Explain how children grasp the dual representation of symbolic objects.

answer

scale model of a room would be seen as a model of the room and can find the hidden object by correlating it to the big room.

question

Piaget described preschoolers in terms of what they (can / cannot) understand.

answer

cannot

question

According to Piaget, young children are not capable of ____________, or mental actions that obey logical rules.

answer

operations

question

For Piaget, the most serious deficiency of preoperational thinking is ____________, or failure to distinguish the symbolic viewpoints of others from one's own.

answer

egocentrism

question

The belief that inanimate objects have lifelike qualities, such as thoughts, wishes, and intentions is called ___________

answer

animistic thinking

question

Explain the meaning of conservation.

answer

refers to the idea that certain physical characteristics of objects remain the same, even when their outward appearance changes.

question

Cannot mentally go through a series of steps and then return to the starting point

answer

Irreversibility

question

Treats initial and final states as unrelated events

answer

Focus on states, not dynamic transformations

question

Focuses on one aspect of a situation to the neglect of other features

answer

centration

question

Preschoolers' performance on Piaget's class inclusion problem illustrates their difficulty with

answer

hierarchical classification

question

True or False: Current research supports Piaget's account of a cognitively deficient preschooler.

answer

f

question

Cite an example of a nonegocentric response in preschoolers' everyday interactions.

answer

preschoolers adapt their speech to fit the needs of their listeners.

question

True or False:With respect to animistic beliefs, even babies can make categorical distinctions between living and nonliving things.

answer

f

question

Between ages 4 and 8, as familiarity with physical events and principles increases, children's magical beliefs (increase / decline).

answer

decline

question

When preschoolers are given tasks that are simplified and relevant to their everyday lives, they do better than Piaget might have expected. Provide an example illustrating this point.

answer

conservation-of-number task is scaled down to include only three items instead of six or seven, they perform better.

question

By the _____ year of life, children easily move back and forth between basic-level categories and superordinate categories, such as "furniture."

answer

third

question

How can adults help guide children's inferences about categories?

answer

parents label and explain categories to children

question

Explain why preschoolers have difficulty distinguishing appearance from reality.

answer

They have trouble with the language of the task- dual representation

question

Provide an example that illustrates preschoolers' gradual understanding of logical operations.

answer

...

question

Some neo-Piagetian theorists combine Piaget's stage approach with the information-processing emphasis on task specific change. Briefly describe this viewpoint.

answer

...

question

List and briefly describe three educational principles derived from Piaget's theory.

answer

...

question

Vygotsky's sociocultural theory stresses the ______ context of cognitive development.

answer

social

question

Contrast Piaget's view of children's self-directed speech with that of Vygotsky.

answer

...

question

Most research findings have supported (Piaget's / Vygotsky's) view of children's private speech.

answer

Vygotsky's

question

Under what circumstances are children likely to use private speech?

answer

during a challenging activity

question

Vygotsky believed that children's learning takes place within a zone of proximal development. Explain what this means, and provide an example.

answer

A. a range of tasks too difficult for the child to do alone but possible with the help of adults B. puzzle

question

_____ involves adjusting the support offered during a teaching session to fit the child's current level of performance.

answer

scaffolding

question

What features do both Piagetian and Vygotskian classrooms emphasize?

answer

...

question

Describe the techniques of assisted discovery and peer collaboration in Vygotskian classrooms.

answer

Assisted discovery: Cooperative learning:

question

Vygotsky saw ___________ as the ideal social context for fostering cognitive development in early childhood.

answer

...

question

True or False: Vygotsky's theory underscores the vital role of teaching in cognitive development.

answer

...

question

___________________, a broader concept than scaffolding, accounts for children's diverse ways of learning through involvement with others.

answer

...

question

Discuss the limitations of Vygotsky's theory regarding the development of basic cognitive processes.

answer

...

question

True or False: Preschoolers learn an average of five new words each day, increasing their vocabulary from 200 words at age 2 to 10,000 at age 6.

answer

t

question

A process called ____ contributes to children's rapid vocabulary growth over the preschool years.

answer

fast mapping

question

What explains Chinese-, Japanese-, and Korean-speaking children's especially rapid acquisition of verbs?

answer

nouns are omitted and verbs are stressed

question

When young preschoolers assume that words refer to entirely separate categories, they are applying the principle of

answer

mutual exclusivity bias

question

What do preschoolers do to differentiate objects that have more than one name?

answer

often call on other components of language

question

Preschool children (are / are not) able to effectively use social cues to identify word meanings.

answer

are

question

True or False: All English-speaking children master grammatical markers in a regular sequence.

answer

t

question

Once children acquire grammatical markers, they apply them so consistently that they occasionally overextend the rules to words that are exceptions, a type of error called

answer

overregulation

question

Briefly describe the predictable errors preschoolers make in forming questions and demonstrating their understanding of the passive voice.

answer

...

question

True or False: By the end of the preschool years, children have mastered most of the grammatical constructions of their language.

answer

t

question

How do information-processing theorists explain grammatical development?

answer

...

question

The practical, social side of language is called

answer

pragmatics

question

Cite evidence that at the beginning of early childhood, children are already skilled conversationalists.

answer

...

question

By age 4, children (do / do not) adjust their speech to fit the age, sex, and social status of the listener.

answer

do

question

Describe two techniques adults use to promote language skills when talking to preschoolers.

answer

A. give helpful, explicit feedback B. do not overcorrect

question

Adults provide subtle, indirect feedback about grammar using two strategies. List and briefly describe these strategies.

answer

A. recasts- restructuring inaccurate speech into correct form B. expansions- elaborating on children's speech, increasing its complexity

question

Preschoolers' self-concepts are very (concrete/abstract)

answer

concrete

question

Describe preschoolers' developing understanding of emotions and attitudes.

answer

When given a trait label such as "shy" or "mean", 4 year olds infer appropriate motives and feelings. For example they know that a shy person does not like to be with unfamiliar people. Direct references to personality traits must wait for greater cognitive maturity.

question

Explain the link between preschoolers' self-development and their possessiveness of objects. Given this information, how can adults promote friendly peer interaction?

answer

Very young pre-schoolers concepts of themselves are so bound up with specific possessions and actions that they spend much of their time asserting rights to objects. The stronger children's self-definition the more possessive they tend to be. Rather than simply insisting on sharing, parents and teachers can accept young children's possessiveness as a sign of self assertion and then encourage compromise.

question

Cite an example of a common self-judgment in early childhood.

answer

Learning things well in school, making friends, getting along with parents, and treating others kindly.

question

True or False: When making self-evaluations, preschoolers tend to rate their own ability as extremely low and often overestimate task difficulty.

answer

f

question

List three ways adults can avoid promoting low self-esteem and self-defeating reactions in preschoolers.

answer

A. adjusting their expectations to the children's capacities B. scaffolding children's attempts to do difficult tasks C. Pointing out effort and increasing skill in children's behavior.

question

t/f: By age 3, self-conscious emotions are clearly linked to self-evaluation; however, preschoolers rely on adults' messages for information on when to feel proud, ashamed, or guilty.

answer

t

question

Explain the role of parental feedback in the development of shame and pride

answer

Because pre-schoolers are still developing standards of excellence they depend on adults' messages to know when to feel proud, ashamed, or guilty.

question

Empathy serves as an important motivator of __________ behavior, or actions that benefit another person without any expected reward for the self.

answer

prosocial

question

True or False: In some children, empathizing with an upset peer or adult escalates into personal distress.

answer

t

question

Distinguish between empathy and sympathy.

answer

empathy is the ability to take another's perspective and sympathy is feelings of concern or sorrow for another's plight

question

Describe the role of temperament in children's empathy and sympathy

answer

plays a role in whether empathy prompts sympathetic, prosocial behavior or self-focused personal distress

question

Describe the impact of warm parenting on the development of empathy and sympathy.

answer

children are likely to react in a concerned way to the distress of others—relationships that persist into adolescence and young adulthood

question

Describe the impact of punitive parenting on the development of empathy and sympathy.

answer

disrupts empathy and sympathy at an early age, child reacts with fear, anger, and physical attacks when a peer is unhappy

question

When children engage in separate activities but exchange toys and comment on one another's behavior

answer

Associative play

question

A more advanced type of interaction in which children orient toward a common goal

answer

Cooperative play

question

A child plays near other children with similar materials but does their behavior

answer

Parallel play

question

Unoccupied, onlooker behavior and solitary play

answer

Nonsocial activity

question

True or False: Longitudinal research shows that Parten's play types emerge in a developmental sequence, with later-appearing ones replacing earlier ones.

answer

f

question

True or False: The type, rather than the amount, of solitary and parallel play changes during early childhood.

answer

t

question

What types of nonsocial activity in preschoolers give cause for concern?

answer

aimless wandering, hovering near peers, and functional play involving repetitive motor action

question

True or False: Most preschoolers with low rates of peer interaction are not socially anxious. Instead, they prefer to play by themselves.

answer

t

question

True or False: Peer sociability takes essentially the same form in collectivist and individualistic cultures.

answer

f

question

Provide an example of how cultural beliefs influence early peer associations

answer

adults who view play as mere entertainment are less likely to provide props or to encourage pretend than those who value is cognitive and social benefits

question

Summarize preschoolers' understanding of the uniqueness of friendship.

answer

a friend is someone "who likes you" and with whom you spend a lot of time playing

question

Describe the unique qualities of preschoolers' interactions with friends.

answer

preschoolers give far more reinforcement to children they identify as friends and also receive more from them. More emotionally expressive, talking, laughing, and looking at each other more often than nonfriends do. Offers social support.

question

Cite three points on which all major theories of moral development agree

answer

A. conscience begins to take shape in early childhood B. at first, the child's morality is externally controlled by adults C. gradually, it becomes regulated by inner standards

question

Research indicates that a special type of discipline called _______ supports conscience development in the following three ways:

answer

induction; A. gives children information about how to behave that they can use in future situations B. by emphasizing the impact of the child's actions on others, it encourages empathy and sympathy C. giving children reasons for changing their behavior encourages them to adopt moral standards because they make sense

question

When guilt occurs in appropriate circumstances and is not accompanied by shame, it is related to ______.

answer

good adjustment

question

True or False: Use of physical punishment is highest among low-SES ethnic minority parents

answer

t

question

How is physical punishment in early and middle childhood related to adolescent outcomes in Caucasian- and African-American families?

answer

Caucasian-American: positively associated with adolescent aggression and antisocial behavior African-American: the more mothers had disciplined physically in childhood, the less their teenagers displayed angry, acting-out behavior and got in trouble at school and with the police

question

How do Caucasian-American and African-American beliefs about physical punishment?

answer

Caucasian-American: consider physical punishment to be wrong, so when they resort to it they are usually highly agitated and rejecting of the child African-American: discipline is culturally approved, generally mild, delivered in a context of parental warmth, and aimed at helping children become responsible adults

question

In what major way does the cognitive-developmental perspective of morality differ from the psychoanalytic and behaviorist approaches?

answer

regards children as active thinkers about social rules

question

Preschoolers are able to distinguish _______ imperatives, which protect people's rights and welfare, from two other forms of action: _________ conventions, or customs determined solely by consensus, such as table manners and dress style, and matters of _______ which do not violate rights or harm others, are not socially regulated, and therefore are up to the individual.

answer

moral; social; personal choice

question

Explain how young children learn to make distinctions between moral rules and social-conventional transgressions.

answer

observe that after a moral offense, peers respond with strong negative emotion, describe their own injury or loss, tell another child to stop, or retaliate. Peers react less intensely to violations of social convention

question

Aggression in which children want an object, privilege, or space

answer

Instrumental aggression

question

Aggression meant to hurt another person

answer

Hostile aggression

question

Aggression meant to harm others through physical injury—pushing, hitting, kicking, punching others, or destroying another's property

answer

Physical aggression

question

Aggression that harms others through threats of physical aggression, name-calling, or hostile teasing

answer

Verbal aggression

question

Aggression that damages another's peer relationships through social exclusion, malicious gossip, or friendship manipulation

answer

Relational aggression

question

In early childhood, (physical / verbal) aggression is gradually replaced by (physical / verbal) aggression.

answer

physical; verbal

question

In early childhood, instrumental aggression (declines / increases), while hostile aggression (declines / increases).

answer

declines; increases

question

Describe sex differences in aggression during the late preschool years.

answer

Boys: more physically aggressive Girls: more verbally and relationally aggressive, use indirect relational tactics

question

Define gender typing.

answer

any association of objects, activities, roles, or traits with one sex or the other in ways that conform to cultural stereotypes

question

Is gender constancy responsible for children's gender-typed behavior? Why or why not?

answer

...

question

Gender constancy

answer

...

question

True or False: Preschoolers associate toys, clothing, tools, household items, games, occupations, and colors (pink or blue) with one sex or the other.

answer

t

question

Describe gender differences in the development of personality traits.

answer

Boys: tend to be more active, assertive, and directly aggressive Girls: tend to be more fearful, dependent, emotionally sensitive, and skilled at understanding self-conscious emotions and at inflicting indirect relational aggression

question

In early childhood, children's gender-stereotyped beliefs become (stronger / weaker), operating more like blanket rules than as flexible guidelines.

answer

stronger

question

Gender schema theory

answer

information-processing approach to gender typing that combines social learning and cognitive-developmental features. It explains how environmental pressures and children's cognitions work together to shape gender role development

question

Involves high acceptance and involvement, adaptive control techniques, and appropriate autonomy granting

answer

Authoritative rearing style

question

Involves warmth and acceptance but is uninvolved, overindulgent, or inattentive

answer

Permissive child-rearing style

question

Involves low acceptance and involvement with little control and general indifference for autonomy granting

answer

Uninvolved child-rearing

question

Involves low acceptance and involvement, but is high in coercive control and low in autonomy granting

answer

Authoritarian child-rearing style

question

Limitations of preoperational thought:

answer

egocentrism, lack of conservation, and difficulty with hierarchical classification

question

egocentrism

answer

failure to distinguish the symbolic viewpoints of others from one's own. For Piaget, this is the most serious deficiency of preoperational thinking. According to Piaget, young children are not capable of operations, or mental actions that obey logical rules.

question

lack of conservation

answer

conservation: refers to the idea that certain physical characteristics of objects remain the same, even when their outward appearance changes.

question

difficulty with hierarchical classification

answer

...

question

Erikson's third stage of psychosocial development: Initiative vs guilt: Define initiative

answer

Initiative suggests young children have a new sense of purposefulness.

question

how is initiative exhibited in preschoolers

answer

They are eager to attack new tasks, join in activity with peers, and discover what they can do with adult help. They make strides in conscience development. In pre-schoolers this is exhibited as play.

question

Explain why Erikson regarded play as the central means through which children find out about themselves and their social world.

answer

According to Erikson play is the central means through which children find out about themselves and their social world because it allows them to try out new skills with little risk of criticism and failure. It also creates a small social organization of children who must cooperate to achieve common goals.

question

According to Erikson, what leads to a negative resolution of initiative versus guilt?

answer

According to Erikson the negative outcome of early childhood is an overly strict superego that causes children to feel too much guilt because they have been threatened, criticized, and punished excessively by adults.

Developmental Ch 7&8 lots of Piaget – Flashcards

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