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Seven elements of speaking

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speaker, message, channel, listener, feedback, interference and situation

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Ethnocentrism

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The belief that our own group or culture is superior to all other groups. BAD!

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frame of reference

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the total of the speaker's knowledge, experience, goals, values, attitudes

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Ethics

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A branch of philosophy that deals with issues of right and wrong in human affairs. Ethics is important to public speaking because public speakers have power. Moral v. Unmoral. Fair v. Unfair. Just V. unjust etc

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Plagiarism

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To present others ideas as your own. From the latin word meaning kidnapper.

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Global Plagiarism

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Stealing your entire speech from someone else. Trying to pass it off as your own when it completely is not. The most blatant and unforgivable form of plagiarism'

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Patchwork plagiarism

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This form of plagiarism occurs when you take two or three sources of information. You then combine them, making a "patchwork" of information into your speech. Basically take large chunks of your speech directly from your sources.

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Incremental plagiarism

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This occurs when the speaker fails to give credit for particular parts of the speech that are borowed from other people. Usually refers to quotations and paraphrase.

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paraphrase

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to restate or summarize an author's ideas in one's own words

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hearing vs. listening

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Hearing is simply the vibrations of sound waves etc. LISTENING, on the other hand, is paying close attention to, and making sense of, what we hear. Absorb information quickly and accurately.

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Appreciative listening

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listening for pleasure or enjoyment, as when we listen to music, or to a comedy routine/entertainment speech

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Empathetic listening

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listening to provide emotional support for the speaker, as when a psychiatrist listens to a patient or when we listen to our friends' problems.

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Comprehensive listening

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listening to understand the message of the speaker. For example, when we got to class and listen to our teachers

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Critical listening

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listening to evaluate a message for purpose of accepting or rejecting it. For example, when we listen to a sales pitch or someone is trying to sell us a car.

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Comprehensive listening

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In a way this is similar to critical thinking. it involves summarizing information, recalling facts, and distinguishing main points from minor ones.

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Critical listening

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More critical than comprehensive. Try to figure our how good the speech is based on separating fact from opinion, spotting weakness in reasoning, and judging the soundness of their evidence. Use your head AND your ears

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Spare "brain time"

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This refers to the fact that we can process 400-800 words per minute, but people only talk 150 words per minute. This is the difference in those rates. While listening to speeches, this tempts us to think about other things while they are giving a speech.

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Active listening

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giving the speaker undivided attention and making a genuine effort to understand the speech

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key-word outline

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An outline that listeners can use. It briefly notes the speaker's main points and supporting evidence in rough outline form

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topic

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The subject of the speech. This is usually determined by the occasion, the audience, and the speaker's qualifications. Either something you know a lot about and something you want to know more about

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brainstorming

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A method of generating ideas for speech topics by free association of words and ideas.

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general purpose

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The broad goal of a speech. to INFORM or to PERSUADE

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specific purpose

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A single infinitive phrase that states precisely what speaker hopes to accomplish in his speech. (to inform my audience that...)

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central idea

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A one sentence statement that sums up or incapsulates the major ideas of a speech. Also referred to as the thesis. It it what you are going to talk about.

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residual message

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what a speaker wants the audience to remember after it has forgotten everything else in a speech. This is THE SAME as the central idea.

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audience-centeredness

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keeping the audience in your mind as you develop your speech. In preparation and presentation you should think about how your audience will react/feel about it. What is your desired response? How are you gonna get it?

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identification

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A process in which speakers seek to create a bond with the audience by emphasizing common values, goals and experiences. The speaker wants the audience to know that they are on the same level. They can identify with each other/ sympathize with each other

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egocentrism

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the tendency of people to be focused on their own values beliefs etc. There are two messages: the on sent and the one received. People listen to what is important to them.

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demographic audience analysis

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When the speaker analyzes the audience based on demographics such as religion, race, sexuality, etc. Maybe alter your speech to fit the demographics of your audience, but don't stereotype your audience.

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stereotyping

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Oversimplifying your audience. Assuming that, because your audience looks a certain way, that they MUST me interested in some particular subject. Make sure you combine demographic audience analysis with situational analysis.

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situational audience analysis

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Analysis that focuses on size of audience, physical speech setting, etc. Adjust your speech to accommodate for different settings.

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attitude

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A frame of mind in favor of or opposed to a person, policy, belief, institution etc. Before you make your speech, figure out if your audience is for or against your position. Appeal to your audience using this info.

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fixed-alternative question

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When referring to questions, these are used for surveys to determine things about your audience. Fixed alternatives are yes/no questions, or ABCD's. you provided answers, they choose

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scale questions

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As the name says, you give the audience a scale, ask them a question, and they indicate their feelings by rating them on the scale

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open-ended questions

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They can respond however they want. They write the answers in!

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catalogue

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In the library. PolyCAT

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call number

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In the library. The number used on books and stuff that tells where the book is in the library.

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periodical database

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A database which will have old magazine or newspaper articles available online.

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abstract

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a summary of an article or periodical which is written by someone other than the original author.

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reference work

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A work that synthesizes a large amount of information. It makes research a lot easier because someone already did it.

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general encyclopedia

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Regular encyclopedias. General information on human knowledge

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special encyclopedia

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a comprehensive reference that is specific to a certain subject area. For example, the Asian American Enyclopedia

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yearbook

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A reference work that is published annually. It is more current, as it pertains to recent things

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biographical aid

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A reference work about people. For example, Dictionary of Hispanic Biography

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virtual library

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search engine/traditional library techniques

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How do you judge an internet aricle?

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authorship. sponsorship, recency

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sponsorship organization

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And organization that, in the absence of a clearly identified author, is responsible for a web document.

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research interview

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An interview whose purpose is to gather info about your topic

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preliminary biography

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A list made very early in your research process. It will list potential sources of valuable information.

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Example types

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brief or extended. brief is just mention while extended is explained in depth. hypothetical is imaginary

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Statistics

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Numerical data.

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Mean, median or mode

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Mean: the average; median: The middle number; mode: the number that occurs most frequently.

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strategic organization

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putting your speech together in a way that will achieve a desired reaction from a certain audience

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main points

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3 to 5

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chronological order

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your speech organization follows a time pattern

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spatial order

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speech pattern follows a directional patter. Northern to central to southern.

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causal order

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the main points show cause and effect

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topical order

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the topic is divided into logical and consistent subtopics

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supporting materials examples

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statistics, testimony and examples

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connective

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a word that connects the ideas of a speech and shows the relationships between these ideas

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internal preview

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a statement in the body of a speech that previews something to come in the future of the speech

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internal summary

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in the body of the speech. it summarizes preceding points

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signstop

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a very brief statement that indicates where a speaker is in the speech or hat focuses attention on key ideas

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goodwill

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the audience's perception of whether the speaker has the audience's best intentions at heart.

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preview statement

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a statement at the beginning of the speech that shows what the speech will be about

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crescendo ending

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your speech builds up and up until the climax

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dissolve ending

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the ending generate emotional appeals by fading step by step to a dramatic final statement

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delivery cues

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directions in an outline that remind the speaker of how he intended himself to deliver certain parts of their speech.

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denotative vs. connotative

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denotative is the dictionary definition while connotative is defined by the feelings associated with it.

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concrete words

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words that refer to tangible objects (Spoon, carrot)

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abstract words

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words that refer to ideas or concepts (humility, progress)

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parallelism

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I speak as an american. i speak as a women. etc

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antithesis

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uses juxtaposition. Ask not what your country..

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extemporaneous

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well rehearsed and prepared in advance. Using a small set of notes

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inflections

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the changes in tone used while giving a speech

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kinesics

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the study of body motions as a systematic mode of communication

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