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Logos

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appeals to audience's ability to reason or work through ideas logically. Use this sort of appeal when organizing speech and support speech with material that audience will accept through reasoning

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Ethos

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appeal of reliability. Audience must view you and your support materials as reliable.

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Pathos

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appealing to audience's emotions to maintain their interest or to convince them of your intent. Create this with effective use of support materials and language. Balance this appeal with logos and ethos.

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Mythos

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appeals to audience's need for group membership and connection to the group's traditions, identity, and values.

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Communication apprehension

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speech anxiety; fears you may have about giving a speech. You can adjust yourself in order to overcome this apprehension by using deep breathing and guided imagery.

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Ethnocentrism

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assumption that your own group or culture is better than all others.

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Egocentrism

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tendency for your audience to be interested in things that relate and matter to them. Craft your speech to be audience centered.

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Audience analysis

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systematic investigation of characteristics that make your audience unique

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Speaking competence

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relates to how well you communicate with others.

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Identity knowledge

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knowing what is distinctive about an audience.

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Mindfulness

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conscientiously aware of the distinctions among the audience

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Negotiation skill

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ability to respond to audience differences through sensitivity, politeness, willing adjustment, and collaboration

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Attitudes

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persistent psychological responses, predispositions, or inclinations to act one way or feel a particular way - usually positive or negative - toward something. (ex. Liking something more than something else)

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Beliefs

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those things a person accepts as plausible based on interpretation and judgment, such as believing in a religion or philosophy. (ex. believing internet bullying is harmful; earth's seasons are caused by its tilting on its axis.)

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Values

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relate to worth or what a person sees as right or wrong, important or unimportant, desirable or undesirable. (ex. Values held by many in the US are independence, progress, freedom of speech, life)

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Identity

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made up of beliefs, values, and attitudes.

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Personal traits

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demographics; age, gender, sexual orientation, household type, education, occupation, income, and disabilities

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Stereotyping

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false or over-simplified generalizing applied to individual based on group characteristics.

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Social traits

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race, ethnicity, culture

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Race

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biological differences of humankind based on physical markers.

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Ethnicity

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stems from national or religious affiliations.

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Culture

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system that teaches a set of objectives and rules that help us survive and gain societal acceptance within our community.

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Open-ended questions

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allow the interviewee to give a detailed response and often will give you valuable information that you had not anticipated. (ex. What's it like living in the new student apartment complex?)

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Closed-ended questions

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used when you want general, quantifiable information. (ex. Do you prefer living in a traditional style residence hall rather than an apartment layout?)

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External noise

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occurs or originates outside of the mind or body; classified in two categories: environmental barriers and linguistic barriers.

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Environmental barriers

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sounds, movement, light, darkness, heat, cold, hard seats

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Linguistic barriers

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misread verbal and nonverbal messages, such as slang, jargon, technical words, body language that differs across cultures

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Internal noise

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occurs or originates inside of the mind or body; classified in two categories: physiological barriers and psychological barriers

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Physiological barriers

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hunger, sickness, disabilities, pain

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Psychological barriers

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negative thoughts about the topic, distraction outside of the situation (such as a fight with a partner), fear, egocentricism, racism.

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General purpose

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unrestricted aim of your speech; three categories: inform, persuade, and accentuate a special occasion.

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Inform

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giving of information is the aim of this general purpose.

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Persuade

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when your goal is to reinforce, to change, or to influence the attitudes, values, beliefs, or actions of your audience, you aim to persuade.

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Accentuate a special occasion

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to entertain, to celebrate, or to commemorate is the aim.

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Idea bank

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list of general words and phrases that could be potential speech topics for you.

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Brainstorming

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when you "free associate" or jump from one word or concept to another.

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Specific purpose

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single statement that combines general purpose, audience, and your objective

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Objective

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outcome or behavior you want audience to experience or adopt after hearing your speech.

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Central idea

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thesis statement, theme, or subject sentence; concise single complete sentence summarizing and/or previewing what you will say in your speech; it should only be a statement, focus on one speech topic.

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Working outline

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brief sketch of body of your speech, contains what you have composed so far - topic, general purpose, specific purpose, and central idea - plus working main points to guide research.

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Working main points

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early drafts of your main points.

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Facts

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verifiable bits of information about people, events, places, dates, and times.

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Definitions

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brief explanations designed to inform your audience about something unfamiliar.

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Testimony

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support material when you use firsthand knowledge or opinions of yourself or others. This includes personal, lay, prestige, expert.

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Personal testimony

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testimony from your own personal experience or point of view

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Lay testimony

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peer testimony, occurs when an ordinary person other than the speaker bears witness to his or her own experiences and beliefs.

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Prestige testimony

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draws its effectiveness from status of the person testifying which often stems from his or her popularity, fame, attractiveness, high-profile activities, or age, if older. (ex. Movie stars in advertisements.)

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Expert testimony

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testimony from a person that audience recognizes as an expert

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Examples

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specific instances or cases that embody or illustrate points in your speech.

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Brief examples

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use this type of example to quickly illustrate something.

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Extended examples

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detailed examples, allowing the audience to linger a bit longer on the vivid, concrete images the examples create.

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Hypothetical examples

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examples based on the potential outcomes of imagined scenarios.

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Statistics

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numerical facts or data that are summarized, organized, and tabulated to present significant information about a given population (people, items, ideas, etc.)

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Descriptive statistics

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statistics aimed to describe or summarize characteristics of a population or a large quantity of data.

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Inferential statistics

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statistics aimed to draw conclusions about a larger population by making estimates based on a smaller sample of that population.

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Ways to use support materials

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direct, comparison, contrast, and analogy

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Direct

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easiest and most common way to use support materials to be simple and straightforward (ex. In the 1986 World Cup quarter-final round, Diego Maradona scored two goals now known as the "Hand of God" and the "Goal of the Century."

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Comparison

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use support materials to point out similarities between two or more ideas, things, factors, or issues.

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Contrast

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when you use support materials to point out differences between two or more ideas, things, factors, or issues.

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Analogy

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helps explain the unfamiliar by comparing and contrasting it to what is familiar. There are two types of this: literal and figurative.

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Literal analogy

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compares and contrasts two like things. (ex. Although Maradona and Pele came from different playing backgrounds, their similar career successes make them the greatest footballers of all time.)

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Figurative analogy

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compares and contrasts two essentially different things. (ex. Diego Maradona is like a god to many Argentines.)

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Block quotation

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when the quotation used is more than four lines or printed text.

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Paraphrasing

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restates content of material in a simpler format and in your own words.

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Citations

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credits for the original sources of the support materials you are using

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Introduction

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opens the speech, grabs audience's attention, and focuses it on topic

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Body

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contains the central portion of the speech, including the main points, the multiple layers of subordinate points, and the links. Essentially, it is what you want to tell your audience about the topic.

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Main points

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essential ideas you must cover or the main claims you wish to make, and they directly relate to your central idea.

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Sub points

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offer information to support and relate back to the main point.

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Link

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serves to make logical jump between two places on your computer.

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Conclusion

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ends speech and takes one last moment to reinforce your main ideas as well as to "wow" your audience.

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Working outlines

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usually handwritten attempts to organize your thoughts as you progress through the early stages of creating a speech - especially as you do research.

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Preparation outlines

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much longer and more detailed than working outlines.

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Delivery outlines

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maintain the tight structure of the preparation outline but will eliminate much of the detail because you will know it by memory after writing the speech and doing some preliminary practicing.

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Transitions

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words or phrases signaling movement from one point to another as well how the points relate to each other.

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Time transitions

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words and phrases that demonstrate a passing of time

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Viewpoint transitions

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demonstrate a change in your view of a situation

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Connective transitions

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simply unite related thoughts

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Concluding transitions

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signal the end of a section within the speech or the ending of the entire speech

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Signposts

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words or phrases that signal to audience where they are with regards to related thoughts and/or what is important to remember. (ex. Keep in mind...)

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Internal previews

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mini introductions and look like detailed signposts. (ex. Let's look at how the NFL consists of 32 teams, two conferences, and four divisions.) Great way to link to introduction.

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Internal reviews

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internal summaries; like mini conclusions. Summarize what you have just covered in the previous section of speech.

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Strategy

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plan designed to achieve a goal - in this case, your specific purpose.

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Chronological strategy

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when you need to move through steps in a process or develop a timeline.

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Topical strategy

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categorical; when there is a strong inherent or traditional division of subtopics within the main topic. (ex. Speech about chocolate, natural topic division could be white, milk, and dark)

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Spatial strategy

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recognizes a space as a way to arrange the speech. Useful when you want to discuss your topic in relationship to a physical setting, a natural environment, or proximity. (ex. talking about tour through White House, room by room)

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Casual strategy

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when you want your audience to understand the cause and effect or consequences of something. You can either trace the path that leads up to certain result or backtrack from the effect to the cause. (ex. explaining the causes leading up to the economic crisis beginning in 2009)

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Order of intensity strategy

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climactic; you arrange your main points in order from least to most, easy to difficult, or neutral to intense.

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Comparative strategy

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uses practice of compare and contrast.

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Problem-solution strategy

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when you want to show your audience how to solve a problem, making it an arrangement suited for a persuasive speech.

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Refutation strategy

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works only for persuasive speeches and is most common in a court of law. You begin by outlining and dismantling the opposing side, which paves the way for you to persuade the audience to accept your point of view.

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Monroe's motivated sequence

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a more detailed problem-solution strategy. Basing speech on what motivates audience; speaker convinces audience that the speaker has solution to their needs.

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Parallelism

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use this when you arrange your words, phrases, or sentences in a similar pattern, which can help main points stand out. (ex. starting each main point with the same beginning pronoun)

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Attention-getter

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something you say, show, or do to get audience to focus on you and on topic and goal of speech.

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Quotations

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words or passages written or said by someone else.

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Rhetorical questions

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when you do not want a response but simply want to focus audience attention

Speech Chapters 1-7 – Flashcards

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