AP Euro Chapter 31 – Flashcards
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Extensive migration, particularly from the countryside to cities
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What was the most persuasive trend in movement of peoples in this century?
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In Western Europe: 75%; At least 1/3 of the population of every European nation lives in large cities (except for Albania)
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What percent of people live in cities in Europe?
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• Forced removal of Russian peasants • Nazi deportation and execution of European Jews as well as those who migrated to Israel • Millions of Germans, Hungarians, Poles, Ukranians, Bulgarians, Serbs, Finns, Chechans, etc displaced.
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Give examples of forced displacement of peoples in Europe?
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Decolonization in the postwar era led many European colonials to return home, to Europe, from overseas. Decolonization also led non-European inhabitants of the former colonies to migrate to Europe. Great Britain received thousands of immigrants from its former colonies in the Caribbean, Africa, and the Indian subcontinent. France received many from its empire in Africa, Indochina, and the Arab world.
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How did decolonization affect European population during the post-war years?
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• Extreme right-wing group • National Front emerged in France in opposition to North African immigration • Led by Jean-Marie Le Pen (b. 1928) • Sought to exploit the resentment many working-class voters felt toward North African immigrants.
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What was the National Front, who started it and what was their goal?
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Generally speaking, little immigration occurred between Europe and the Muslim world—or vice versa—and Europe's relationship with the Islamic world was that of colonized and colonizer. Europeans encountered Muslims as subjects in colonies such as Algeria, Egypt, the Indian subcontinent, sun-Saharan Africa, and the East Indies. In all these regions, Christian missionaries clashed with Muslim religious teachers.
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What was the European relationship with the Muslims during the 20th Century?
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• European economic growth (Muslims recruited to work in Europe since a labor shortage existed during the postwar economic boom in Europe. Turkish "guest workers" were recruited to work in West Germany • Decolonization and the search for a better life (Pakistanis, Indians, and Muslims from East Africa settled in Britain. The Algerian War brought many Muslims to France)
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What were the two chief sources of immigration by Muslims?
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Both Muslim immigrants and their host countries viewed their relationship as temporary and, therefore, put little thought into assimilation; therefore, Muslims formed separate communities.
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What did many Muslim expect when they immigrated to Europe?
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• Except for Britain, European governments made it difficult for Muslim, or any other, immigrants to participate in civic life. • Problems with non-assimilation are that many Muslim children in Europe never learn European languages well and many Muslim women living in Europe remain confined to their homes
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What is the general assumption about Muslim communities in Europe?
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Many of the largely unskilled jobs that Muslim immigrants came to Europe to fill no longer exist. Most Muslim immigrants in Europe are neither highly skilled nor professionally educated.
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What is the problem for most Muslims to find work in Europe and America?
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It is falling compared to the past. Europeans are having so few children that they are no longer replacing themselves. • European average woman birth rate by year o 1950s—2.1 children o 1980s—1.9 children o Presently—1.4 • In Mediterranean countries like Greece, Italy, and Spain, the rate is even lower
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What is the issue of birth rates in Europe?
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• The energy and drive of youth will shift to the other side of the Atlantic (to the U.S.). • Europe will be unlikely to produce economic innovation. • The internal European market will be smaller than the internal U.S. market. • There will be fewer Europeans in Europe itself and Europe's share of the world's population will also be smaller.
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What are the four results of Europe's birth rates? (So this will likely be a multiple choice questions where "all of the above" is correct.)
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The reallocation of funds was a reaction to the state violence of the first half of the century and was possible because Western Europe was protected after World War II by the NATO defense umbrella primarily staffed and financed by the U.S.
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Why was Europe able to re-allocate fund from the military to social welfare programs?
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After World War II, the concept emerged that social insurance against predictable risks was a social right and should be available to all citizens. In Britain, William B. Beverige set forth this concept in 1942. He explained, if medical care, old-age pensions, and other benefits were available to all, they would not become a device to redistribute income from one part of the population to another.
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How did social insurance change after WWII and who was the leader in this movement?
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Britain constructed a welfare state from 1945-1951 under the Labour ministry of Clement Attlee. The most important element of this early legislation was the creation of the National Health Service.
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Which nation created the first welfare state and what was its most important element?
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Connected to both the Cold War and domestic political and economic policy.
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What was the spread of welfare legislation closely connected to?
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First period (1945-1950s) • Reconstruction period Second period (mid-1950s -1970) • Generally steady and expanding economic growth Third period (mid-1970s-present) • High inflation, slow economic growth, high unemployment
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What are the three periods of European welfare attitudes?
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More women have entered the "learned professions" and more are filling major managerial positions than ever before in European history.
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What larger political and economic roles have women taken during the 20th century?
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Simone de Beauvoir wrote "The Second Sex" in 1949
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What was the most widely read post-war feminist work and who wrote it?
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Recent feminism has been less a political movement pressing for specific rights than a social movement offering a broader critique of European culture.
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What is the difference between earlier feminism and this contemporary feminism?
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The emphasis on women controlling their own lives.
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What was the most important element of recent European feminism?
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Because of the low birthrate in the 1930s, few young single women were employed in the years after World War II. ! Married women entered the workforce to replace them. Other reasons: consumer conveniences and improvements in health care made it easier for women to enter the workforce by reducing the demands child care made on their time; when families need more income than one worker can provide then both parents must work; some women also entered the workforce to escape the boredom of housework and find company among other adult workers.
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Why did more married women enter the workforce after WWII?
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Children were no longer expected to contribute substantially to family income. They now spend years in compulsory eduction.
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How were children different in the 20th century and how did they spend their time?
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Controversy over abortion has fueled recent public debate and legislation in Europe. Two factors have triggered the debate: the emergence of the European Union and the collapse of communisim.
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What has fueled the controversy over abortion?
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It was written by a group of former communists writing after World War II. They described their attraction toward, and later disillusionment with, communism.
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What does the book, The God That Failed describe?
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• The great public purge trials of the late 1930s • The Spanish Civil War • The Nazi-Soviet pact of 1939; • The Soviet invasion of Hungary in 1956
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. What were the four events that were crucial to the disillusionment of intellectuals?
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Many of them looked to the establishment of alternative communist governments based on NON-SOVIET MODELS. Some looked to Yugoslavia as an example, others in the Chinese Revolution
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How did Marxism (Marxists) deal with the disillusionment of the USSR?
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They tried to redefine the basic message of Marx himself by looking at Marx's earlier works. They looked at previously unprinted essays written before The Communist Manifesto such as Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844 and German Ideology which make the young Marx appear to belong more nearly to the humanist than to the revolutionary tradition of European thought. These things allowed people to consider themselves as sympathetic to Marxism without also seeing themselves as revolutionaries or supporters of the Soviet Union.
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How do Europeans try to redefine Marx?
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IT WAS THE INTELLECTUAL MOVEMENT THAT BEST CAPTUREED THE PREDICAMENT AND MOOD OF MID-TWENTIETH CENTURY EUROPEAN CULTURE. IT HAS BEEN TERMED THE "PHILOSOPHY OF EUROPE IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY". IT IS DEFINED AS FOLLOWS: The post-World War II Western philosophy that holds human beings are totally responsible for their acts and that this responsibility causes them dread and anguish.
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What is existentialism?
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Believed that the truth of Christianity could be grasped only in the lives of those who faced extreme situations, not in creeds, doctrines, and church structures . Contended that philosophy's failure was the attempt to contain life and human experience within abstract categories.
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What did Sǿren Kierkegaard believe in and how did he criticize Hegelian philosophy?
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Although these writers disagreed on many major issues, they all questioned the primacy of reason and scientific understanding as ways to come to grips with the human situation. Existentialists were largely protesting against a world in which reason, technology , and politics produced war and genocide.
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Even though existentialists frequently disagreed with each other, how did they "agree"?
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• "Being and Time" by Heidegger • "Nausea" and "Being and Nothingness" by Sartre • "The Stranger" and "The Plague" by Camus
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List some of the works of existentialists.
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Humans are compelled to formulate their own ethical values and cannot depend on traditional religion, rational philosophy, intuition, or social customs for ethical guidance.
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According to existentialists, what are human beings compelled to do?
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He declares that even if God existed it would make no difference from its point of view. Its not that he doesn't believe God exists, its just that he doesn't think it matters that God exists. He says the real problem is not that if whether He exists or not, but rather what man needs to do to find himself again and to understand that nothing can save him from himself, not even a valid proof of the existence of God.
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In "Sartre Discusses the Character of Existentialism," what does he believe about God and the making of men?
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In the 1960s, the turmoil over Vietnam and the youth rebellion brought other intellectual and social issues to the forefront causing people to lose interest in communism and existentialism.
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Why does communism and existentialism lose interest in intellectuals during the 1960's?
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Student uprisings began in the United States in the 1960s protesting the war in Vietnam and, then, spread to Europe and other parts of the world. Movement was generally antimilitarist Students questioned middle-class values and traditional sexual mores and family life.
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What were the student uprising about during the 1960's in Europe?
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During the past half century, through the Marshall Plan, the leadership of NATO, the stationing of huge military bases , student exchanges, popular culture and tourism, the United States has exerted enormous influence on Europe. Many Europeans fear that American popular entertainment, companies, and business methods threaten to distinguish Europe's unique qualities.
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Why had there been an Americanization of Europe?
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English
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What is the most common language of business and technology today?
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The consumer orientation of the Western European economy has emerged as one of the most important characteristics differentiating it from Eastern Europe. The most important sector of the European economy is the services sector.
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What is the most important part of the European economy?
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Reasons that have caused greater concern for the environment • Arab oil embargo sent a crucial message to the industrialized West: Natural resources are limited, and foreign, potentially hostile, countries control critical supplies. • By the 1970s, fish were dying in the Thames River in England • Industrial pollution was destroying life in the Rhine River between German and France. • Acid rain was killing trees from Sweden to Germany • Concerns over nuclear weapons and risks of nuclear power facilities
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What lay behind the new concern for the environment?
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Political movement and party that arose in several western European nations in the 1970's that opposed unfettered free market economies and unchecked industrial pollution Originated among radical student groups in the late 1960s, they were anti-capitalist as they blamed business for pollution. Avoided violence and sought power through the political process
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What was the platform of the German Green Movement?
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The 1986 disaster at the Chernobyl nuclear reactor in the Soviet Union.
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What forced governments to respond to environmental concerns?
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material prosperity, political ideologies, environmentalism, gender politics, and simple indifference have replaced religious faith for many people.
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What has replaced religious faith in many peoples lives?
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Barth's philosophy became known as Neo-Orthodoxy Barth portrayed God as wholly other than, and different from, mankind.
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What is Karl Barth's theology called and how does he portray God?
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Tillich believed that evidence of the divine should be sought in human nature and human culture.
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What does Paul Tillich's belief?
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• Mass was to be celebrated in vernacular languages rather than Latin. • Permitted freer relations with other Christian denominations • Fostered a new spirit toward Judaism • Gave more power to bishops
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What are the changes in Catholic liturgy?
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• The celibacy of priests • Maintained the church's prohibition on contraception • Opposed moves to open the priesthood to women.
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What have the Catholic popes upheld?
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• Maintained traditional doctrine, stressing the authority of the papacy • Took a firm stand against communism • Encouraged the growth of the church in the non-Western world
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What was John Paul II's three prong policy?
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Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC)
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What was the first modern digital computer called?
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The term used to describe an interpretation of Islam that came to have a significant impact in the Muslim world following decolonization. It arose primarily in reaction to the secular Arab nationalism that developed in countries like Egypt and Syria in the 1920s and 1930s.
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What is radical Islamism and what is it a reaction to?
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They want to reject Western ideas and create a society based on rigorist interpretation of Islam and its teachings.
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What do the advocates of Radical Islam want?
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A rigorist, puritanical form of Islam. Islamic movement in the Arabian peninsula that rejected the schools of theology and law in the Ottoman Empire and in the West. Its objective was to recapture the purity and simplicity of Muhammed's original teachings. Rejects Western and modern thought
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What is Wahhabism?
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It is the belief that a reformed or pure Islam must be established in the contemporary world.
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What is Islamic reformism?
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IT WAS CALLED JIHAD. When the Soviets invaded Afghanistan, they sought to impose a communist (and thus Western and atheist) government in Afghanistan. Muslim religious authorities resisted this and declared "jihad" (meaning religious war) against the Soviet Union. Thus the Afghan resistance to the Soviets became nationalistic, universalistic, and religious.
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What was the Afghan resistance to the Soviet Union?
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The event that brought about this redirection was the Persian Gulf War of 1991. The occasion for that conflict was the invasion of Kuwait by Iraq, governed by Saddam Hussein.
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What changed the Muslims from fighting against the Soviets to fighting the US?
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They set forth a policy of preemptive strikes and intervention against potential enemies of the United States. The administration argued that the danger of weapons of mass destruction developed by governments such as that of Iraq falling into the hands of international terrorists organizations posed so severe a danger to the security of the U.S. that the nation could not wait to respond to an attack, but must stand prepared to take preemptive action.
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What was the Bush policy after the Afghan campaign?
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The invasion of Iraq was undertaken in the face of considerable opposition from France, Germany, and Russia. Both the war and the diplomatic difficulties preceding it disrupted the long standing Atlantic alliance. Alse, French and German opposition to the war created strains within Europe, and particularly within NATO and the European Union, as many other European governments strongly supported the U.S. and Great Britain in the war. As a result, the war in Iraq clearly marked a new era in relations between the U.S. and Europe as well as the U.S. and the rest of the world.
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What was the result of the war in Iraq within Europe and NATO?
