Truman’s Policy on Soviet Union Actions in Eastern Europe
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One speculation to why relations between the USSR and the US hardened
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Harry Truman assumed role of president after the death of the more sympathetic Roosevelt
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How Roosevelt felt about the Soviet Union's actions in eastern Europe
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He was distressed by them.
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Truman's policy
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-He tried to carry Roosevelt's policies forward. -He worked hard to ensure Russian intervention against Japan in 1945.
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Why coldness actually emerged between the allies
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Both parties felt like the other had violated previous agreements.
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How Russia violated previous agreements
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Russia asserted permanent control of Poland and Romania under puppet communist governments.
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How the U.S violated previous agreements
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The U.S. took a harder line about German reparation payments to the USSR
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The Soviet Union on democracy and capitalism
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They wanted to destroy it.
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The U.S. on the Soviet Union and communism
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They wanted to prevent the USSR from expanding (containment) and wanted to encourage free enterprise.
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America's peacetime political goals
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-Support for self-determination, autonomy, and democracy
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America's economic peacetime goals
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Free trade, freedom of the seas, no barriers to investment, and an open door policy
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Vyacheslav Molotov
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Russian foreign minister during Stalin's regime
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Stalin & Molotov February 1946
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They both publicly spoke of the western democracies as enemies.
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Churchill's speech in March 1946
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Declared than an "Iron Curtain" had descended on Europe, dividing a free democratic West from a totalitarian East.
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Containment
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U.S. policy during the Cold War of resisting Soviet expansion and influence in the expectation that the USSR would eventually collapse.
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4 effects the Containment policy had on U.S. foreign affairs
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1. Had the U.S. enter overseas alliances. 2. Created commitments of support to world regimes deemed anti-communist. 3. Had the U.S. undertake large military expenditures. 4. Large amounts of money was now to be send abroad.
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Truman Doctrine
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Truman established that the United States would provide political, military and economic assistance to all democratic nations under threat from external or internal authoritarian forces.
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Marshall Plan
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-The U.S. program named after Secretary of State George C. Marshall. -Provided broad economic aid to European states on the sole condition that they work together for their mutual benefit.
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Who was invited but refused to participate in the plan?
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The Soviet Union and its satellites.
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The effects the Marshall plan had on Europe
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-It restored prosperity to Western Europe. -It set the stage for Europe's unprecedented postwar economic growth.
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The USSR's response to the Truman Doctrine and the Marshall plan
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They declared a new era of conflict between the United States and itself.
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Stalin's possible views on Containment
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It was a renewed Western attempt to isolate and encircle the USSR.
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Autumn 1947
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Stalin called a meeting in Warsaw of all communist parties from around the globe.
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What was created at the meeting at Warsaw
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The Communist Information Bureau (Cominform).
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Cominform's goal
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Spread revolutionary communism throughout the world.
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Popular Front
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Era in which communists had cooperated with noncommunist parties.
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What ended Popular Front?
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The establishment of the Cominform.
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Jan Masaryk
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The foreign minister and son of the founder of Czechoslovakia, Thomas Masaryk.
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A new display of Cominform in February 1948, in Prague
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Communists expelled the democratic members of what had been a coalition government and murdered Jan Masaryk.
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Edvard Benes
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-President of Czechoslovakia. -He was forced to resign, and Czechoslovakia was brought fully under Soviet rule.
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What did the USSR force governments in Eastern Europe to do?
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They forced them to impose Stalinist policies.
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These policies included (5):
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1. One-party political systems. 2. Close military cooperation with the Soviet Union. 3. The collectivization of agriculture. 4. Communist Party domination of education. 5. Attacks on the churches.
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What was the catalyst for this harsh tightening?
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The success of Marshal Josip (Broz) Tito, the leader of communist Yugoslavia, in freeing his country from Soviet domination.
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Why Tito's success was a catalyst
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Stalin wanted to prevent other Eastern European states from following the Yugoslav example.
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Berlin Blockade
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-Occurred because Russia was scared of the new European currency, which was circulating in Berlin at better rates than their own currency.
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Goal of the Berlin Blockade
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Drive western Europe out of Berlin.
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March 1948
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Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, France, and Britain signed the Treaty of Brussels
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Treaty of Brussels
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Provided for Cooperation in economic and military matters.
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April 1949
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The same nations joined with Italy, Denmark, Norway, Portugal, and Iceland to sign a treaty with Canada and the United States that would form NATO
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NATO
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North Atlantic Treaty Organization. The creation of NATO committed its members to mutual assistance if any of them was attacked.
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Who joined the alliance a few years later?
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Germany, Greece, & Turkey.
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A new union in Eastern Europe, 1949
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The Council of Mutual Assistance (COMECON) was formed to provide for close ties and mutual assistance in case of attack governed Soviet relations with the states of Europe.
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How COMECON was unlike NATO
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The soviets directly dominated the Eastern alliance system.
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How the soviets were able to directly dominate the alliance system
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Through local communist parties controlled from Moscow and the presence of the Red Army.
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Warsaw Pact
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-1955. -Included Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, Romania, and the Soviet Union. -Gave formal recognition through the Soviet domination of the Eastern alliance system.
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Who founded the Zionist movement?
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Theodor Herzel
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Who later led the Zionist movement?
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Chaim Weizmann
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Yishuv
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Jewish community in palestine
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What did the Yishuv develop during WWI? (4)
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1. Political parties. 2. Press. 3. Labor unions. 4. Educational System.
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Why didn't this situation last long?
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-WWII and Hitler's attempt to exterminate the Jew's of Europe.
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U.N. Resolution
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They divided the territory of Palestine into two states: Jewish and Arab.
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What was the reaction of the Arabs in Palestine to this resolution?
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Resistance
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In May 1948, the Yishuv...
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declared the independence of a new Jewish state: Israel.
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Who was the first prime minister of Israel?
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Prime Minister David Ben-Gurion.
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Who invaded Israel almost immediately?
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Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, Egypt, and Iraq.
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How this invasion ended?
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Israel had secured its existence, but not the acceptance of its Arab neighbors.
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How the creation of Israel involved Europe
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-Many citizens of Israel emigrated from from there. -Europe was highly dependent on oil from Arab countries.
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Why did the U.S. intervene in the Korean war?
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They wanted to contain and halt the aggression of communism.
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The end of the Korean war
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On June 16, 1953, the Eisenhower administration concluded an armistice ending the Korean war and restoring the border near the 38th parallel.
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What the Korean war transformed the Cold war into
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A global rivalry that ranged well beyond Europe.
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What capped the "first round" of the cold war?
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The formation of NATO and the Korean conflict
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What replaced Stalin after his death?
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The Presidium
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What was the presidium?
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-The renamed Politburo. -It pursued a policy of collective leadership.
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After the Presidium, who did leadership go to?
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Kikita Khrushchev.
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How long did the Khrushchev era last?
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1953-1964
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Khrushchev's goals
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-maintenance of the communist party. -Meeting the demand for more consumer goods. -decentralization of economic planning. -expanded area for wheat production.
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What the Khrushchev era witnessed
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-a retreat from Stalinism, though not from authoritarianism. -More freedom of press for intellectuals. -The removal of many restrictive regulations on private cultivation. -Record gain production that lasted for only a short while.
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The Secret speech of 1956
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At the Twentieth Congress of the Communist Party, Khrushchev gave a secret speech in which he denounced Stalin
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What about Stalin did Khrushchev criticize in his secret speech?
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His crimes against socialist justice during the purges of the 1930's.
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Because of Khrushchev, all of Stalin's supporters...
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-Were gone by 1958. -None had been executed.
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Gamal Abdel Nasser
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President of Egypt (1956-1970)
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Three Crises of 1956
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1) The suez intervention. 2)Polish efforts toward independent action. 3) the Hungarian Uprising.
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Polish efforts toward independent action
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-When the prime minister of Poland died, the Polish Communist party refused to replace him with Moscow's nominee, despite pressure from the Soviets.
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Who the Polish chose to be prime minister
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Wladylaw Gomulka (communist)
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Why Gomulka was chosen
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-he promised continued economic and military cooperation. -he continued Polish membership in the Warsaw Pact.
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How did the Hungarian Uprising begin?
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-demonstrations of sympathy for the Poles in Budapest led to street fighting
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What leadership did the Hungarians install?
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A new ministry
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Who headed the new industry?
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Former premier Imre Nagy
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End of the Hungarian uprising
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In early November, Soviet troops invaded Hungary, deposed Nagy, who was later executed, and imposed a new leader
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Who was the new leader of Hungary that Russia imposed?
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Janos Kadar
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What allowed U.S-Soviet relations to be more relaxed by 1959?
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The two countries began negotiations toward limiting the testing of nuclear weapons.
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What did the relaxed relations allow?
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-Western leaders could visit Moscow and Khrushchev could tour the U.S. -This allowed for a summit meeting to be scheduled for May 1960
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What stalled the summit meeting?
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Just before the Paris summit conference, the Soviet union shot down an American U-2 aircraft that had been flying over and observing Soviet territory.
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Khrushchev's reaction to U.S surveillance
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He mad
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Eisenhower's response to Khrushchev's anger
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He took responsibility for the aircraft, but refused to publicly apologize.
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Because Eisenhower didn't apologize...
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Khrushchev refused to go to the summit, thus canceling it.
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Destroying the summit was, in part, a way...
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To demonstrate the Soviet Union's hard-line attitude toward the capitalist world.
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Why was the Berlin wall erected?
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-throughout 1961, thousands of refugees from East Germany crossed the border into West Berlin. -This outflow of people embarrassed East Germany, hurt it's economy, and demonstrated the Soviet Union's inability to control eastern Europe.
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Fidel Castro
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In 1957, he launched an insurgency in Cuba, which toppled the dictatorship of Flugencio Batista
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Flugencio Batista
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Dictator of Cuba from 1952-1959
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What kind of state did Cuba become after Castro took over?
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A communist state allied with the USSR.
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Missile crisis
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In 1962, the USSR secretly began to place missiles in Cuba.
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U.S. response to the missiles in Cuba (3)
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1. Blockaded Cuba 2. Halted the shipment of new missiles 3. Demanded the removal of existing installations
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How the crisis ended
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After a tense week (in which nuclear warfare seemed a real threat), the USSR backed down.
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Who replaced Khrushchev?
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Brezhnev
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Alexander Dubek
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Head of czechoslovakian government (in office 1968-69)
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The Prague Spring
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The government of Czechoslovakia, under Alexander Dubeck, began to experiment with a more liberal communism
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USSR's response to Dubeck's rise to power
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In 1968, the soviet government sent troops into Czechoslovakia with communist leaders more to their liking.
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Breznev Doctrine
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Declared the right of the Soviet union to interfere in the domestic politics of other communist countries
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How the Breznev Doctrine was different from the Truman Doctrine
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-The Truman Doctrine had supported democratic governments and offered help to resist further communist expansion -The Breznev doctrine sought to sustain the communist governments of Eastern Europe and prevent liberalization
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Breznev's foreign policy
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-his policy combined attempts to reach an accommodation with the United States with continued efforts to expand Soviet influence and maintain Soviet leadership of the communist movement
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Dénte
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The united states began a policy of ententé (relaxation) with the soviet union, and the two country began negotiations.
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The Hilsinki Accords
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The Accords recognized the human rights sought to induce the Soviet Union to comply with this commitment.
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Soviet policy during dénte
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They pursued an activist foreign policy around the world.
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Soviet funds in the 1970s
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They financed Cuban military intervention in Angola, Mozambique, and Ethiopia.
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Why the USSR was determined to build up it's military forces
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Following its backing down in the Cuban missile crisis, the USSR needed stronger military again
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What was the largest armed force in the world in the 1980's?
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-The USSR -They achieved nuclear parity with the US
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Invasion of Afghanistan
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The USSR was determined to send in troops to ensure its influence in central Asia and to install a puppet Afghan government.
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U.S response to the invasion (3)
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1) Embargoed grain shipments to the USSR 2) Boycotted the 1980 Olympic game in Moscow 3) Sent aid to the Afghan rebels through various third parties
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Effect the invasion had on the USSR
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It sapped soviet strength for ten years and demoralized the Soviet Union not unlike the way the Vietnam conflict did the United States.
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Communism and Solidarity in Poland
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Raegan's administration in relation to the USSR
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-The U.S relaxed its grain embargo on the USSR -placed less emphasis on human rights -He intensified Cold War rhetoric, describing the USSR as an "evil empire" -Increased military spending -slowed arms limitation negotiations -deployed a new missile system in Europe -Proposed the strategic Defense Initiative (nicknamed "Star Wars").
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What is "Star Wars"?
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An initiative involving a high-technology space-bases defense nuclear attack (oh god that's so cool spaaaaaaace. If only it weren't used for killing people)
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How Star Wars contributed to the economic collapse of the USSR
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The superior defense of the U.S. forced the USSR to increase its own defense, spending when it couldn't afford to do so
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At the founding of the UN, how much of the world population was subject to the governments control of colonial powers?
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One-third
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Since 1945, how many of those self-governing territories have been admitted to the UN?
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More that eighty.
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What was a contributing factor to decolonization?
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WWII drew the military forces of the colonial powers back to Europe.
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How did the economic crisis after the war contribute to decolonization?
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European colonial powers were less able to afford to maintain their military and administrative positions abroad.
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How the liberal-democratic war contributed to decolonization
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It was difficult to fight tyranny in Europe while maintaining colonial dominance.
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Which US president disapproved of colonialism?
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Franklin Roosevelt.
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How the UN contributed to decolonization
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It ensured the presence if an international body opposed to colonialism.
