question

Bretton Woods Conference (1944)

answer

This laid the foundations for modern international monetary system

question

Bretton Woods Conference (1944)

answer

Between 1958 and 1971 the value of national currencies were based on gold and the U.S. dollar

question

Bretton Woods Conference (1944)

answer

GATT created IMF CREATED World bank created

question

General Agreements of Tariff and Trade

answer

GATT

question

International Monetary Fund

answer

IMF

question

GATT

answer

sought to stimulate international trade by lowering tariffs and other trade restrictions

question

IMF

answer

Designed to provide short-term loans to struggling countries to prevent economic crisis and anarchy

question

World Bank

answer

Provided long-term loans to countries for economic growth

question

United Nations

answer

UN; created in 1945

question

UN's framework

answer

This had been agreed to during WWII by the Allies at the Yalta Conference in February, 1945

question

Security Council

answer

Consisted of 12 nations (including 5 permanent members) that had the authority to actively maintain peace throughout the world

question

Permanent members of UN Security council

answer

U.S., USSR, Britain, France and China

question

General Assembly

answer

Included virtually every country in the world Had the power to advise but could not enforce its recommendations

question

Significant economic hardship

answer

Scarcity of food, runaway inflation, black markets plagued the economy A number of Europe's important cities lay destroyed or damaged

question

After WW2

answer

Many people believed Europe was finished; recovery from such a cataclysm seemed almost unthinkable

question

Germany

answer

which country suffered the worst after WW2

question

Christian Democrats

answer

emerged as a dominant political movement in several countries

question

Christian Democrats

answer

Rejected authoritarianism & narrow nationalism; had faith in democracy and cooperation

question

Socialist push for change

answer

social reform and political transformation created the foundations for a great European renaissance

question

led christian democrats in Italy

answer

Alcide De Gasperi

question

Socialist influence

answer

social benefits came to equal a large part of the average worker's wages

question

Charles de Gaulle

answer

inspiring wartime leader of the Free French, re-established the free and democratic Fourth Republic

question

Catholic party

answer

provided some of best postwar leaders

question

In France Fourth Republic

answer

Socialist influence was significant: some industries were nationalized by the government

question

The Fifth Republic

answer

gave the president (initially, Charles de Gaulle who returned to power in 1958) far more power

question

Clement Attlee

answer

socialist Labour party leader defeated Winston Churchill and the Conservatives in 1945

question

Labour party

answer

socialist leader was Clement Attlee

question

"welfare state."

answer

Attlee moved toward establishment of this

question

Britain after WW2

answer

Many industries were nationalized, gov't provided each citizen with free medical service and taxed the middle and upper classes more heavily

question

Konrad Adenauer

answer

began long, highly successful democratic rule in the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany)

question

Christian Democrats

answer

_______ became West Germany's majority party for a generation

question

"Economic Miracle"

answer

unprecedented economic growth in European history

question

Cause of Economic miracle

answer

Marshall Plan aid from the U.S. helped western Europe begin recovery in 1947 Korean War in 1950 stimulated economic activity

question

Cause of Economic miracle

answer

Economic growth became a basic objective of all western European governments Governments accepted Keynesian economics to stimulate their economies

question

Keynesian economics

answer

Governments were willing to use deficit spending in order to make more resources available for the people

question

the Common Market

answer

Many economic barriers were eliminated and a large unified market emerged

question

Ludwig Erhard

answer

German economic recovery led by finance minister

question

Ludwig Erhard

answer

Combined a free-market economy & an extensive social welfare network inherited from the Nazi era

question

French economic recovery

answer

Combined flexible planning and a "mixed" state and private economy to achieve the most rapid economic development in French history

question

Jean Monnet

answer

led the economic recovery in france: economic pragmatist and architect of European unity.

question

French economic recovery

answer

France used Marshall Plan aid and the nationalized banks to funnel money into key industries, several of which were state owned

question

Creation of the "welfare state"

answer

Western European countries sought to provide universal services to all their people.

question

The "welfare state"

answer

would be universal and not just aimed at the poor and unemployed Significantly reduced class tensions that had existed in Europe for centuries

question

of the "welfare state"

answer

As long as the European economy in western and central Europe continued to grow in the 1950s and 1960s, governments could more or less meet the expenses ___

question

Britain

answer

became the model for the "welfare state" and a "mixed economy" under the socialistic Labour Party and prime minister Clement Atlee

question

economic downturn and high inflation in the 1970s

answer

governments experienced larger deficits, increased national debts, and pressure from conservatives to lower taxes.

question

Conservatives

answer

argued that the "welfare state" had become excessive while high taxation was stunting economic growth

question

Margaret Thatcher

answer

conservative that led Britain began privatizing industries that had been state-owned and restricting labor strikes

question

cause for "guest workers"

answer

The dramatic increase in the economy coupled with a low birth rate meant that there weren't enough workers available to meet the demands of the economy

question

nationalists in the receiving countries

answer

they became troubled by how the "guest workers" seemed to be affecting the culture and economy

question

Three major streams for European unity

answer

Political: Council of Europe Military: has never truly materialized Economic: most successful with the development of the European Union

question

Council of Europe

answer

European federalists hoped the Council would quickly evolve into a true European parliament with sovereign rights, but this did not happen

question

Britain opposed council of europe

answer

with its empire and its "special relationship" with U.S., was opposed giving any real political power—sovereignty—to the council

question

European Coal and Steel Community

answer

ECSC; created in 1950 via the Schuman Plan

question

ECSC

answer

Largely organized by French statesmen Jean Monnet and Foreign Minister Robert Schuman Proposed an international organization to control & integrate European steel and coal production

question

ECSC

answer

Britain refused to enter ___ since it had significant interests in its Commonwealth and its close trade relationship with the U.S.

question

Immediate economic goal of ECSC

answer

a single competitive market without national tariffs or quotas

question

"The Six"

answer

By 1958 coal and steel moved freely among six nations of the European Coal and Steel Community

question

Far-reaching political goal of ECSC

answer

bind six member nations so closely together economically that war among them would become unthinkable and virtually impossible.

question

European Economic Community

answer

EEC or the "Common Market"

question

Treaty of Rome, 1957

answer

Created the European Economic Community (EEC), or the "Common Market"

question

First goal of treaty of rome

answer

Gradual reduction of all tariffs among "the Six" in order to create a single market almost as large as the U.S.

question

Euratom

answer

European Atomic Energy Agency) also created to develop and regulate nuclear energy

question

Communist response to euratom

answer

COMECON (their own economic association)

question

General Charles de Gaulle

answer

Bitter colonial war in Algeria resulted in the election in 1958 of

question

General Charles de Gaulle

answer

who established the Fifth French Republic and led as president until 1969

question

France

answer

who stepped back from european unity?

question

General Charles de Gaulle

answer

Withdrew France from what ? saw as a "US controlled" NATO and developed France's own nuclear weapons program

question

European Union

answer

EU; went into effect in 1992

question

German Chancellor Kohl and French President Mitterrand

answer

? sought to extend the EU to include a single European currency and a common defense and foreign policy

question

Maastricht Treaty, 1991

answer

Promised most radical revision of the EC since its beginning

question

Eurodollar—or euro

answer

became the single currency of the EU in 2002 integrating the currency of 12 western and central European nations

question

European Monetary Union (EMU)

answer

The integration of currency(euro) was organized by the ?

question

Richard Nixon

answer

U.S. President ? took the U.S. off gold standard in 1971

question

US off gold standard

answer

? Effectively ended the "Bretton Woods" system of international currency stabilization

question

cheap oil

answer

The postwar economic boom was fueled by ?, especially in western Europe

question

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries

answer

OPEC

question

OPEC

answer

? dramatically increased oil prices in Europe and the U.S. in retaliation for their support of Israel in the Yom Kippur War against Egypt and Syria.

question

energy crisis

answer

Price revolution in energy, coupled with the upheaval in the international monetary system, plunged the world into its worst economic decline since the1930s

question

"Stagflation"

answer

? hit in the mid-1970s: increased prices and increased unemployment

question

Social consequences of the 1970s economic crisis

answer

Created condition for collapse of communism in late 1980s. However, the "welfare state" created in the postwar era prevented mass suffering and degradation that had been reminiscent of the Great Depression in the 1930s

question

Margaret Thatcher

answer

Prime Minister ? (1979-1990) of Great Britain

question

Francois Mitterand

answer

led his Socialist party and Communist allies in launching a vast program of nationalization and public investment designed to spend France out of economic stagnation. (Keynesian approach)

question

Francois Mitterand

answer

the policy had failed and ? was forced to impose a wide variety of austerity measures for the remainder of the decade

question

joined together on massive scale during WWII

answer

For first time in history, "pure theoretical" science and "practical" technology ("applied science") effectively ?

question

radar

answer

British scientists developed ? to detect enemy aircraft.

question

Jet

answer

aircraft developed by Germany

question

Electronic computers

answer

? further developed; had barely come into existence before 1939

question

Manhattan Project

answer

The development of the atomic bomb was the most spectacular result of scientific research during the war

question

"Big Science"

answer

? became new model for science after WWII

question

"Big Science"

answer

? Combined theoretical science with sophisticated engineering in a huge organization

question

U.S.

answer

emerged as leader in Big Science after WWII

question

Space Race

answer

(part of Cold War competition to achieve technological superiority) is a quintessential example of "Big Science" at work

question

Sputnik

answer

an orbiting satellite using long-range rockets

question

Resulted in development of ICBMs (Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles)

answer

US fearful Soviets could now launch a nuclear missile into space and then down to U.S

question

Yuri Gagarin

answer

1961, Soviets sent world's first cosmonaut into orbit.

question

John F. Kennedy

answer

U.S. President ? responded to cosmonaut into orbit by increasing funds for space

question

1969 U.S.

answer

Apollo Program put the first man on the moon

question

"Brain Drain"

answer

U.S. attracted many of Europe's best scientists during 1950s and 1960s—seen as the American Challenge

question

American Challenge

answer

Some Europeans feared Europe was falling behind U.S. in science, technology, and most dynamic industrial sectors of the late 20th century

question

Massive growth of the scientific community

answer

Highly specialized modern scientists and technologists worked as members of a team, which completely changed work and lifestyle of modern scientists

question

Rise of the middle-class

answer

? was largely the result of increased access to higher education

question

European society

answer

? became more mobile and democratic

question

Changes in the structure of the middle class

answer

? were influential in the trend toward a less rigid class structure

question

Causes for change in rise of middle class

answer

Rapid industrial and technological expansion created in large corporations and gov't agencies demanded larger numbers of scientists and managers

question

Causes for change in rise of middle class

answer

Top managers and ranking civil servants represented the model for new middle class of salaried specialists; well paid and highly trained

question

Causes for change in rise of middle class

answer

Passed on opportunity for advanced education to their children The old propertied middle class lost control of many family-owned businesses after WWII

question

lower classes

answer

Structure of ? also became more flexible and open

question

Millions of rural workers continued to more to cities

answer

Resulted in drastic decline in one of Europe's most traditional and least mobile groups.

question

"welfare state"

answer

European governments reduced class tensions by further expanding the ? : health care, family allowances, maternity grants, public housing

question

Consumerism

answer

worked to level Western society Sparked by rising standard of living giving more people disposable income

question

"Gadget revolution"

answer

Europeans bought washing machines, vacuum cleaners, refrigerators, dishwashers, radios, TVs, and stereos. Purchase of goods often done by greatly installment (e.g. credit cards)

question

Increased social welfare

answer

? resulted in more disposable income and less need to save for old age.

question

Leisure and recreation became major industries as workers worked fewer hours.

answer

Increased attendance in cultural events: concerts and exhibitions. Travel industry expanded most dramatically

question

Counter-Culture

answer

rebellion against parents, authority figures and status quo

question

"counter-culture"

answer

New generation influenced by revival of leftist thought created ? Some youth rebelled against conformity and boredom of middle-class suburbs

question

Rock music

answer

? helped tie counter-culture together

question

Increased sexual behavior among many young people during 1960s and 1970s

answer

Age of first sexual experienced reduced significantly Growing tendency of young unmarried people to live together on a semi-permanent basis with little thought of getting married or having children

question

Causes of the emergence of international youth culture in 1960s

answer

Mass communication and youth travel linked countries and continents together Baby boom meant youth became unusually large part of population and exercised exceptional influence on society as a whole

question

Postwar prosperity and greater equality

answer

? gave youth more purchasing power than ever before.

question

cause of student revolts

answer

Opposition to U.S. war in Vietnam triggered revolutionary ferment among youths Believed older generation & US fighting immoral & imperialistic war against Vietnam

question

cause of student revolts

answer

Students in western Europe shared US youth's rejection of materialism and belief that postwar society was repressive and flawed

question

Problems in higher education

answer

classes were overcrowded; little contact with professors; competition for grades was intense; demand for even more practical areas of study to qualify for high-paying jobs after college

question

French student revolt, 1968

answer

a. Students took over the university, leading to violent clashes with police b. Most students demanded changes in curriculum and real voice in running the university c. Appealed to industrial workers for help; spontaneous general strike spread across France d. To many it seemed the French Fifth Republic might collapse e. De Gaulle called in troops and called for new elections (which he won decisively) f. The mini-Revolution collapsed.

question

Early women's rights advocates

answer

Olympe de Gouges and Mary Wollstonecraft during the French Revolution demanded equality for women based on the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen (1789)

question

Millicent Garrett Fawcett and Emmeline Pankhurst

answer

were important figures in the British suffrage movement in the Late-19th and early 20th century

question

review

answer

c. Women first received the right to vote in Finland and Norway in 1906 and in Britain, Germany and the Soviet Union after World War I. d. Women relegated to the home in fascist Italy and Nazi Germany e. Women finally got suffrage in Italy and France after World War II. f. Switzerland was one of the last to provide suffrage: 1980

question

domestic

answer

Western European culture once-again emphasized the ? role women should play in the home

question

women

answer

Motherhood occupied a much smaller portion of a women's life than at the turn of the century. Birth control use increased with oral contraceptives and intrauterine devices

question

practically disappeared

answer

opportunities for women of modest means to earn cash income at home ?

question

Thus, sharp increase across Europe and North America

answer

of married women who became full-time and part-time wage earners outside the home

question

Rising employment

answer

? of married women became a powerful force in drive for women's equality and emancipation

question

Simone de Beauvoir

answer

The Second Sex (1949) -- existentialist ideas Argued women were in essence free but had almost always been trapped by particularly inflexible and limiting conditions Only by courageous action and self-assertive creativity could women become free and escape the role of inferior "other."

question

Betty Friedan

answer

The Feminine Mystique (1963) -- American Argued that women expected to conform to false, infantile pattern of femininity and live for their husbands and children Founded (NOW); inspired European groups

question

National Organization for Women

answer

NOW; founded by Betty Friedan

question

Goals of women's rights movements

answer

• New statutes in the workplace: laws against discrimination, "equal pay for equal work," and maternal leave and affordable day care. • Gender and family questions: right to divorce (in some Catholic countries), legalized abortion, needs of single parents (usually women) and protection from rape and physical violence

question

Second Vatican Council

answer

Most important council of the Catholic Church since the Council of Trent

question

Second Vatican Council changes

answer

Allowed for use of the vernacular in the Catholic liturgy Scripture was declared to be the foundation of the Church Declared that although the Catholic Church was the one true Church, other Christian groups who shared a belief in Christ were to be respected

AP EURO ECONOMIC RECOVERY AND EURO UNITY – Flashcards

Unlock all answers in this set

Haven't found what you were looking for?

Search for samples, answers to your questions and flashcards