question

Florentine wealth in the fourteenth century was based most prominently on what source of income?

answer

dominance of European banking

question

How did the nobility in northern Italy respond to the growth of power and wealth among the urban merchant guilds?

answer

The nobility moved into the cities and married into rich commercial families.

question

How did the states of northern Europe differ from the Italian city-states?

answer

The states of northern Europe moved toward centralization and consolidation, while the Italian city-states remained fragmented.

question

What was the implicit philosophy of humanism in the Renaissance?

answer

Human nature and achievements, evident in the classics, were worthy of contemplation.

question

Why did Renaissance writers find the writings of Plato of particular interest?

answer

Plato's emphasis on the spiritual and eternal fit well with Christian doctrine about the immortality of the soul.

question

What did humanists understand as the goal of a humanist education?

answer

a life active in the world that benefited the public good

question

Which of the following best characterizes the attitudes of humanists toward women receiving humanist educations?

answer

Many humanists saw the value in exposing women to classical models of moral behavior and reasoning.

question

How did Machiavelli understand a ruler's moral duty?

answer

A ruler's moral duty was to preserve security and order, and any action can and should be used to obtain that end.

question

How did the perfect community portrayed in Thomas More's Utopia solve the problem of inequality and greed?

answer

Profits from business and property were held in common.

question

How did the development of printing affect European society?

answer

The expansion in publications allowed groups of individuals separated by geography to form a common identity.

question

How did Renaissance portraiture differ from medieval portraiture?

answer

Renaissance portraits reflected human ideals rather than spiritual ideals.

question

How did art created in northern Europe in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries differ from that produced in Italy?

answer

Northern art was more religious in orientation.

question

How did Renaissance humanists understand the idea of artistic genius?

answer

Artistic genius was a gift that expressed a unique personality and should not be inhibited by ordinary laws.

question

What was the background of most female painters in the Renaissance?

answer

They were the daughters of painters and of minor noblemen with ties to artistic circles.

question

For what type of employment were black men and women especially desired in fifteenth- and sixteenth-century Europe?

answer

domestic service

question

How did the hierarchy of wealth differ from the hierarchy of orders?

answer

The hierarchy of wealth allowed more change than did the hierarchy of orders, as families' wealth increased and decreased, sometimes within a single generation.

question

How did Elizabeth I of England respond to traditional prejudice against female rulers?

answer

She emphasized traditional masculine qualities in her public appearances.

question

In reorganizing the royal council, Charles VII of France gave increased influence to

answer

lawyers and bankers.

question

What did Giorgio Vasari mean by using the word renaissance?

answer

After centuries of darkness, the glory of the classical past was being reborn in the work of "rare men of genius."

question

In the fourteenth century, Florence suffered and survived all of the following except

answer

invasion of the city's hinterlands by Muslim Ottoman forces.

question

How did oligarchic Italian city-states justify their political systems?

answer

They boasted of their democratic political forms but restricted power to the wealthy elite.

question

What was the principal political innovation of the Italian city-states?

answer

the development of the institutions of modern diplomacy

question

How did Renaissance writers interpret Julius Caesar's role in Roman history?

answer

Julius Caesar's role in transforming the Roman republic into an empire marked the beginning of Rome's decline.

question

What did Renaissance writers mean by the term virtù?

answer

the ability of individuals to shape the world around them according to their will

question

Which of the following best characterizes how Plato's idea of perfect forms affected Renaissance thought?

answer

Knowledge about a subject is best gained by contemplating its perfect, ideal form rather than actual examples of it.

question

What did Machiavelli emphasize as the primary function of a ruler?

answer

to preserve order and security

question

How did the northern humanists differ from the Italian humanists?

answer

The northern humanists sought to more thoroughly synthesize the Christian and classical traditions in order to promote reform of the church.

question

What is the essence of Desiderius Erasmus's thought?

answer

Christianity is an inner attitude of the heart or spirit.

question

How did government and church leaders respond to the expansion in printing?

answer

Both church and government leaders printed propaganda and sought to censor books and authors they objected to.

question

What did the relationship between Pope Julius II and Michelangelo reveal?

answer

the power that a wealthy, influential patron held over an artist

question

What were the principal themes of Raphael Sanzio's treatises on his philosophy of art?

answer

the importance of imitating nature and developing an orderly sequence of design and proportion

question

In what types of art did women most commonly participate?

answer

in "decorative" arts such as needlework and painting on porcelain

question

In the fifteenth century the number of black slaves entering Europe

answer

began to increase.

question

What general attitudes did Europeans have toward Africa?

answer

Africa was a remote place isolated by heresy and Islam from the superior European population.

question

To enhance their social status, wealthy merchants did all of the following except

answer

have their sons become parish priests.

question

In the fifteenth century rulers in western Europe did all of the following to rebuild their governments except

answer

destroy noble power.

question

How did the French monarchy and the papacy resolve the conflict over the appointment of church officials?

answer

The papacy received the first year's income of new bishops and abbots, and the king had the right to select bishops and abbots.

question

Humanism emphasized all of the following EXCEPT

answer

rejecting religious rituals, institutions, and beliefs.

question

Petrarch felt that the ultimate importance of studying the ancients was that it would enable people to

answer

imitate them, and thereby become more virtuous.

question

Participation in public affairs was linked to early humanism by all of the following EXCEPT that

answer

humanists hoped to use government institutions to reform the masses.

question

As humanism spread, it had an impact as all of the following EXCEPT

answer

a political philosophy that caused the decline of despotism and rise of democracy.

question

The neoplatonists changed humanism by emphasizing all of the following EXCEPT

answer

the irreconcilability of divergent truths.

question

The three friends who started the artistic revolution of the Renaissance include all EXCEPT

answer

Leonardo, the multifaceted genius who painted masterpieces, studied nature, and built fortifications.

question

The High Renaissance

answer

brought to a climax the artistic trends begun a century before.

question

The status of artists rose during the Renaissance because

answer

their works became status symbols for the upper classes, who sought distinction as patrons of the arts.

question

Northern culture was characterized by all of the following EXCEPT

answer

a rejection of Renaissance culture as impious.

question

Northern culture differed from Italian because

answer

the percentage of townspeople was far lower in the North.

question

Around 1500, northern Europe contained the chief center of

answer

music.

question

The chief change in late Medieval Scholasticism was

answer

a focus on the way we describe things rather than on the reality of things.

question

Marsilius of Padua based his critique of Church power on

answer

the nominalist position that reality is made up of discrete objects, not embracing universals.

question

The popes responded to their financial problems with all of the following measures EXCEPT

answer

drastically reducing papal expenses by adopting a cult of virtuous poverty.

question

By end of the Great Schism

answer

everyone in Europe had been excommunicated.

question

The popes attempted to restore their power and prestige through all of the following EXCEPT

answer

a thoroughgoing reform of corrupt Church institutions.

question

Late Medieval mysticism emphasized

answer

the interior experience of communion with God.

question

Lay piety involved all of the following EXCEPT

answer

greater dependence on clerical intercession with God.

question

Both Wycliff and Hus emphasized all of the following EXCEPT

answer

the invalidity of the sacraments.

question

Humanism influenced religious dissent by

answer

emphasizing the superiority of original texts.

question

In the early sixteenth century, men and women demonstrated their religious piety through all of the following means except

answer

strong support for the church and clergy.

question

In the early sixteenth century, why did city leaders have growing conflicts with the church?

answer

City governments wanted greater input into the appointment of church leaders, who were responsible for major institutions and large amounts of lands in their cities.

question

Which of the following best characterizes an indulgence?

answer

An indulgence substituted a virtuous act from the treasury of merit for penance or time in purgatory

question

How did Protestants alter traditional Catholic teaching about religious authority?

answer

Protestants asserted that authority rested in the Bible alone.

question

How did humanists respond to the Lutheran reform movement?

answer

Many humanists were attracted to the idea of a simpler, personal religion that emphasized reading and reflecting on the Scriptures.

question

How did the reform efforts of the religious radicals differ from the reform movements of Luther and Zwingli?

answer

Luther and Zwingli worked with political authorities to institute church reform, whereas religious radicals sought to create voluntary communities of believers separate from the state.

question

How did Protestants alter marriage relationships?

answer

Most Protestants came to allow divorce, though it was still strongly discouraged.

question

Success in squelching reform movements could be more easily achieved if

answer

a strong central government existed that opposed the reform movement.

question

German rulers embraced Luther's ideas for all of the following reasons except

answer

rulers could attack nobles who refused to embrace religious reform.

question

Why did Henry VIII believe that God was displeased with his marriage to Catherine of Aragon?

answer

Catherine was the widow of Henry's older brother, and marriage to a brother's widow violated canon law.

question

How did the Reformation in England affect the Tudor state?

answer

The state bureaucracy had to grow in size and efficiency in order to manage the Crown's new lands and responsibilities.

question

How did the Anglican Church seek a moderate position between Catholics and Protestants?

answer

Anglican services were conducted in English and clergymen were allowed to marry, but the church remained hierarchical and continued to feature elaborate services.

question

All of the following contributed to the defeat of the Spanish Armada except

answer

nterference from Dutch ships that disrupted Spanish communication.

question

How did Protestantism successfully establish itself in Hungary?

answer

Even as political and Catholic leaders plotted a move against Lutheranism, the Ottoman sultan Suleiman overthrew the Hungarian monarchy, and subsequently the people of Hungary were permitted to follow different versions of Christianity.

question

Historians understand the developments within the Catholic Church after the Reformation as two interrelated movements,

answer

an internal reform movement tied to earlier reform efforts and a movement that opposed Protestantism.

question

The Council of Trent initiated all of the following reforms except

answer

verifying the validity of indulgences and initiating future indulgences.

question

The French Calvinist movement initially drew converts from

answer

reform-minded members of the Catholic clergy, industrious city dwellers, and artisan groups.

question

The politiques in France promoted the idea

answer

that only a strong monarchy could prevent the total collapse of society.

question

How did Christian theologians and canon lawyers transform the idea of witchcraft in the later Middle Ages?

answer

They emphasized the idea of a pact with the Devil as the essence of witchcraft.

question

Why did inquisitions often not lead to the execution of accused witches?

answer

Inquisitors doubted that people accused of witchcraft had made pacts with the Devil, believing instead that such people were superstitious and ignorant peasants.

question

In the early sixteenth century, anticlericalism focused primarily on all of the following problems except

answer

inconsistencies in church doctrine.

question

What new understanding of salvation did Martin Luther propose?

answer

Salvation comes through faith, which is a free gift of God's grace rather than the result of human effort.

question

What was the consequence of Luther's appearance at the Diet of Worms?

answer

His reform ideas were spread even further, and other individuals throughout central Europe began to speak out against church doctrines and practices.

question

Early Protestants strongly disagreed among themselves on the issue of

answer

the presence of Christ in the Eucharist.

question

How did city councils in Switzerland and south Germany implement religious reform?

answer

They appointed pastors who had accepted Protestant ideas and required them to swear an oath of loyalty to the town council.

question

How did Luther justify his refusal to support the peasants' cause in the German Peasants' War?

answer

He believed freedom meant independence from the authority of the Roman church, not opposition to legitimate secular powers.

question

How did Protestant cities address the issue of prostitution?

answer

Protestant cities closed brothels and established harsh punishments for prostitution.

question

What did Charles V believe was his primary duty as Holy Roman emperor and king of Spain?

answer

to maintain the political and religious unity of Western Christendom

question

What was the consequence of Charles V's initial military success in his war against Protestantism in the 1540s?

answer

The papacy withdrew its military support of Charles, and the Catholic king of France sent troops to support the Protestant forces.

question

How did Henry VIII dispose of lands seized from the church?

answer

He sold the lands to the middle and upper classes, tying them to both the Tudor dynasty and the new Protestant church.

question

The English Reformation affected Ireland in all of the following ways except

answer

the influence of the Catholic clergy over the common people of Ireland was destroyed.

question

Calvinism influenced all of the following reform movements except

answer

the Zwinglian church in Zurich.

question

Who was established as the governing body of the Presbyterian Church of Scotland?

answer

councils of ministers

question

Why did reform movements fail to undermine Catholic dominance in Poland-Lithuania?

answer

Germanized towns were attracted to Lutheranism, but the Polish nobility preferred Calvinism, leaving the reform movement divided.

question

The Supreme Sacred Congregation of the Roman and Universal Inquisition had all of the following authority except

answer

the right to define church doctrine.

question

What was France's goal at the Council of Trent?

answer

The French wanted Catholics and Lutherans to remain divided so that Germany would continue to be decentralized.

question

On Saint Bartholomew's Day in 1572, Catholics in Paris

answer

slaughtered large numbers of Protestants who had gathered for the wedding of the king's sister.

question

In terms of its appeal, how did Calvinism differ from Lutheranism?

answer

Lutherans taught respect for political authorities, while Calvinism encouraged opposition to authorities who were judged to be ungodly.

question

How did changes in legal procedure allow for more witchcraft trials?

answer

The new inquisitorial procedure allowed an individual to accuse someone of witchcraft without having to face the accused.

question

Why were witch panics most common in small territorial states?

answer

Rulers of small territories felt threatened and saw persecution of witches as a way to demonstrate their piety and concern for order.

question

The two traditions about how a sinful human beings can gain salvation are

answer

Church ritual and individual faith.

question

In the late Medieval period, lay people sought a more personal religious experience through all EXCEPT

answer

joining religious orders in unprecedented numbers.

question

All of the following eroded the prestige of the late Medieval papacy EXCEPT

answer

the successes of the Ottoman Turks.

question

New religious ideas were spread in all of the following ways EXCEPT

answer

sermons by the clergy.

question

The Christian Humanists attempted to use humanistic techniques in the service of religion by

answer

retranslating and reanalyzing the Bible to understand it more accurately.

question

The Holy Roman Empire was ripe for Reformation for all of the following reasons EXCEPT

answer

the Holy Roman Emperor wanted to gain independence from the pope.

question

Martin Luther's basic problem was that

answer

he felt a righteous God would never forgive his sins.

question

The pope excommunicated Luther because

answer

he rejected the pope's authority and the validity of the sacraments.

question

Luther's last major act of reform was to

answer

translate the Bible into German so ordinary people could read it for themselves.

question

Popular enthusiasm for Luther's revolt was demonstrated by all of the following EXCEPT

answer

radical preachers began calling for Lutheranism to be institutionalized as the Empire's state church.

question

All of the following groups invoked Luther's ideas to justify taking up arms EXCEPT

answer

the Swiss cantons.

question

Luther's doctrine of the equality of all believers in the eyes of God had all of the following effects EXCEPT

answer

it originated independent and pioneering behavior among Europeans.

question

Zwingli and Luther were unable to resolve their differences on

answer

exactly what happens during communion.

question

The Melchiorite Anabaptists at Münster did all of the following EXCEPT

answer

forcibly rebaptized all citizens.

question

Calvinism was well adapted to struggle against Catholicism for all the following reasons EXCEPT

answer

its tenets were left vague, so different congregations could adapt them to local conditions.

question

Henry VIII separated the English Church from Rome

answer

to get a divorce.

question

The pre-existing strengths of the Catholic Church included all of the following EXCEPT

answer

clearly defined doctrines.

question

The Council of Trent accomplished all of the following EXCEPT

answer

updating the version of the Bible accepted as authoritative.

question

The most common contribution of women to the Counter-Reformation was

answer

through charitable activities.

question

The core element of Ignatius Loyola's new order was

answer

carefully structured spiritual experiences.

question

All of the following were principal functions of the Society of Jesus EXCEPT

answer

writing scholarly works.

question

From what did the European voyages of discovery derive?

answer

the desire to share in and control the wealth coming from the Indian Ocean trade

question

With which Christian state in Africa did European rulers have occasional contact?

answer

the kingdom of Ethiopia

question

Which of the following best characterizes Venice's trade with Mamluk Egypt in the fifteenth century?

answer

The trade was small in volume but highly profitable.

question

What Renaissance characteristic did the European expansion manifest?

answer

a curiosity about geography and the peoples of the world

question

The crews of ships of European exploration included all of the following except

answer

women.

question

What role did Prince Henry play in European expansion?

answer

He supported the study of geography and navigation and sponsored expeditions down the coast of Africa.

question

How did the Portuguese gain control of port city-states in the Indian Ocean?

answer

bombarded the ports in order to force them to open trade with the Portuguese.

question

What rewards was Columbus to receive if he was successful on his initial voyage?

answer

Columbus was to be named viceroy over any territory he discovered and would receive one-tenth of the material rewards of his journey.

question

How did the Treaty of Tordesillas divide the globe?

answer

Spain was given control of everything to the west of a line drawn down the Atlantic Ocean and Portugal was given control of everything to the east.

question

Why did fierce competition emerge over cod in the waters off Newfoundland?

answer

The Catholic prohibition of eating meat on Fridays and during Lent created a thriving European market for fish.

question

What aided Hernando Cortés in his final victory over the Mexica in 1621?

answer

Smallpox had weakened and reduced the Mexica population.

question

How did the French colonial effort differ from that of the Spanish and the English?

answer

France's colonial population was much smaller, but French explorers followed the waterways of the New World to establish a presence over a vast territory.

question

How did the encomienda system function?

answer

The Spanish crown granted colonists the right to employ groups of Native Americans as laborers or to demand tribute from them in exchange for giving them food and shelter.

question

How did English cultural attitudes toward Native Americans differ from French cultural attitudes?

answer

The English drew strict boundaries between European and Native American societies, while the French promoted ties between the two societies.

question

What crop did the Spanish establish in all of their American settlements?

answer

wheat

question

Sugar production placed stress on laborers for all of the following reasons except

answer

the high mountain plantations placed stress on the respiratory systems of the laborers.

question

Who was hurt and who was helped by price inflation in sixteenth-century Europe?

answer

People living on fixed incomes, such as nobles, were hurt, while those who owed fixed sums of money, such as the middle class, prospered.

question

The Dutch achieved all of the following in the Americas except for

answer

taking over the Potosí silver mine.

question

How did European ideas about Africans develop as the practice of slavery developed?

answer

Africans were increasingly viewed as utterly distinct from, and inferior to, Europeans.

question

Michel de Montaigne made use of the tradition of skepticism, which emphasized

answer

doubt that total certainty or definitive knowledge can ever be obtained.

question

How were most of the cities around the Indian Ocean politically organized?

answer

They were autonomous, self-governing cities.

question

How did the Ottoman expansion affect European trade?

answer

It led Europeans to seek new trade routes to Asia.

question

In the fifteenth century, which Italian city became increasingly focused on trade and finance in the western Mediterranean and along the Atlantic coast?

answer

Genoa

question

In the fifteenth century, spices from the East were desirable to Europeans for all of the following reasons except

answer

spices could be used as a food preservative.

question

Arab ships introduced what innovation to Europeans?

answer

the lateen sail

question

What type of relationship did Vasco da Gama forge with local powers in Calicut?

answer

He angered Muslim merchants with his arrogance and failed to forge any trading alliances.

question

What were the portolans that aided in Portuguese shipping?

answer

written descriptions of the courses along which ships sailed

question

Which of the following best characterizes Columbus's success in administering the lands he discovered?

answer

His poor leadership led to a revolt, and he was returned to Spain in chains, though he was quickly cleared of wrongdoing.

question

In the early decades of Atlantic exploration, English and French explorers sought

answer

a northwest passage to the Indies.

question

What factor was most important in the success of Cortés and Pizarro?

answer

the exploitation of internal conflicts within the empires they overthrew

question

How did Francisco Pizarro respond when Atahualpa sought to lure him into a trap?

answer

Pizarro ambushed and captured Atahualpa, collected a large ransom for him, and then executed him.

question

What role did intendants serve in Spanish America?

answer

The intendants held broad administrative, military, and judicial powers and reported directly to the monarchy.

question

Forced labor affected Native American society in all of the following ways except

answer

Native Americans were exposed as being physically frailer than African slaves.

question

How did mestizos differ from mulattoes?

answer

The term mestizo referred to people of mixed Native American and European origin, while mulatto referred to people of mixed African and European origin.

question

Why had the supply of slaves diminished in the Mediterranean by the beginning of the sixteenth century?

answer

The Ottoman capture of Constantinople and the Christian conquest of Spain had cut off or greatly reduced traditional sources of slaves.

question

Why did Spain's productive capacity decline during its golden age?

answer

The Spanish economy could not meet the demand for goods, leading to widespread inflation, which in turn increased production costs.

question

In Asia, the Dutch focused on gaining control over

answer

the spice trade.

question

When Europeans first began enslaving Africans, how did they justify the practice?

answer

The primitive Africans would benefit from enslavement by learning of Christianity.

question

The works of Michel de Montaigne suggested the idea that

answer

no culture can be considered to be superior to another.

question

William Shakespeare's last play, The Tempest, seems to echo

answer

the problems of imperial conquest and settlement in the sixteenth century.

question

All of the following were true of Europe's population growth in the sixteenth century EXCEPT

answer

it caused the decline of the wool trade as pastures became cropland.

question

Europe's economic expansion was fueled by all of the following EXCEPT

answer

government's stabilizing influence on the financial markets.

question

Which of the following business concepts originated during this period?

answer

the business firm as an entity independent of its owner.

question

During the sixteenth century, all of the following followed from the commercial revolution EXCEPT

answer

private charity was rapidly mobilized and proved sufficient to solve the problem.

question

The most widely shared motivation behind the voyages of exploration and conquest was

answer

the lure of riche

question

The Portuguese empire was all of the following EXCEPT

answer

welcomed by the South Asians as a new source of wealth that would benefit everyone.

question

The Spanish empire was all of the following EXCEPT

answer

established almost bloodlessly and maintained with minimal disruption of the Native Americans' lives.

question

The Europeans needed to bring Black African slaves to America because

answer

millions of Native Americans died from disease and mistreatment after they were conquered.

question

Exploration and colonization brought all of the following benefits to Europe EXCEPT

answer

economic expansion alleviated the poverty of Europe's lower classes.

question

The most important "new" monarchs were rulers of all of the following EXCEPT

answer

Italy

question

Henry VII and Henry VIII were similar in their

answer

greater interest in domestic than foreign affairs

question

At the end of the Hundred Years' War, the key to the French monarchy's power was its

answer

standing army.

question

Louis XI's most notable achievement was

answer

the destruction of Burgundy.

question

Which of the following Valois kings accomplished the most during his reign?

answer

Francis I.

question

Ferdinand and Isabella followed all of the following policies while uniting Spain EXCEPT

answer

using viceroys to create a uniform administration in all parts of the realm.

question

The Holy Roman Emperor Charles V also ruled all of the following territories EXCEPT

answer

France and England.

question

The main locus of power in the Holy Roman Empire was

answer

the princes.

question

The nobles of Hungary did all of the following EXCEPT

answer

give up their German lands to gain Habsburg support.

question

The essential innovation of Italian diplomacy was

answer

the resident ambassador.

question

Machiavelli's essential innovation was to focus on

answer

the practicalities of how power works.

question

Philip II of Spain dominated the second half of the sixteenth century because of his

answer

determination to defeat the enemies of Catholicism.

question

England's victory over the Spanish Armada accomplished all of the following EXCEPT

answer

sparking rebellions in Portugal, Catalonia, Naples, and Sicily.

question

The Dutch revolt was all of the following EXCEPT

answer

the first of the religious wars to end with a treaty ensuring tolerance for both confessions.

question

All of the following were issues in the French Civil War EXCEPT

answer

Philip II's desire to draw France into his dynastic empire.

question

All of the following were true of the combatants in the Thirty Years' War EXCEPT

answer

The Swedes, Spanish, and French sought to keep the Empire weak to enhance their own relative strength.

question

The Peace of Westphalia was important for all of the following reasons EXCEPT

answer

it secured Spanish control of Holland.

question

The primary cause of the military revolution was

answer

gunpowder.

question

Between 1550 and 1700, the size of the leading army in Europe increased

answer

from 40,000 to 400,000 men.

question

The growth of the military caused all of the following to increase EXCEPT

answer

the amount of damage done by soldiers to the areas they were stationed.

question

All of the following social groups were centers of opposition to the English monarch EXCEPT

answer

the nobility.

question

The Petition of Rights called for and end to all of the following EXCEPT

answer

the king's right to dissolve Parliament.

question

The major factions in the English Civil War included all of the following EXCEPT

answer

Lutherans, who wanted to make the original Protestantism as the state religion.

question

The English Civil War ended with the Restoration of the Stuart dynasty because

answer

the rebels were unable to create viable permanent structures.

question

Henry IV's accomplishments included all of the following EXCEPT

answer

leading the French intervention in the Holy Roman Empire that frustrated Habsburg designs.

question

Cardinal Richelieu accomplished all of the following EXCEPT

answer

leading the French to final victory in the Thirty Years' War.

question

The growth of royal power in France caused discontent in all of the following groups EXCEPT

answer

merchants, who opposed the heavy hand of government regulation.

question

The Fronde failed because of

answer

the disunity of the rebels.

question

Spain suffered from all of the following problems in the mid-seventeenth century EXCEPT

answer

foreign enemies had invaded the country and seized its most valuable territories.

question

Which of the following was able to break away from the Spanish control during the revolts at mid-century?

answer

Portugal.

question

The primary constitutional struggle in the United Provinces was between

answer

the House of Orange, backed by the rural provinces, and the merchant oligarchy that controlled Holland.

question

Gustavus Adolphus accomplished all of the following for Sweden EXCEPT

answer

he tamed the nobility so the country was spared constitutional turmoil for centuries.

question

The Romanov dynasty in Russia accomplished all of the following EXCEPT

answer

keeping the Ukraine from switching allegiance to Poland.

question

Which of the following was not one of the primary groups within rural life in western Europe?

answer

serfs who were required to work for the local lord and did not own land in their own right

question

Why did the economic position of peasants in eastern Europe erode?

answer

Eastern lords responded to the labor shortages caused by the Black Death by restricting the right of their peasants to move about and seek better opportunities.

question

What political action did the Holy Roman emperor take during the second, or Danish, phase of the Thirty Years' War?

answer

He ordered that all Catholic properties lost to Protestantism be restored.

question

How did rulers transform the structure of armies in the seventeenth century?

answer

Army officers were required to be loyal and obedient to the monarchs who commanded them.

question

What was Cardinal Richelieu's main foreign policy goal?

answer

to destroy the Habsburgs' control of territories that surrounded France

question

Why did Louis XIV select councilors from the recently ennobled or the upper middle class?

answer

He wanted to show the public that he did not intend to share power with his ministers.

question

How was Louis XIV able to compel the nobility to participate in the elaborate court rituals of Versailles?

answer

he king granted privileges, titles, and offices to those who played by his rules and denied such benefits to those who did not.

question

Which of the following is not a component of mercantilism?

answer

Colonial activity expends wealth that a country could apply to the development of national industries.

question

How did Spain's financial position deteriorate in the mid-1600s?

answer

Spain's South American silver mines became much less productive.

question

What did nobles in Austria and Prussia receive in exchange for growing monarchical authority?

answer

Nobles remained as unchallenged masters of their peasants.

question

What were the military service requirements established for Prussian men in 1733?

answer

All men had to undergo military training and serve as reservists in the army.

question

Of whom did the Russian rulers see themselves as heirs?

answer

the Byzantine Empire

question

How did the Romanovs fund their bid for territorial expansion?

answer

with profits from the natural resources of Siberia

question

In his effort to establish St. Petersburg as Russia's capital, Peter the Great required all of the following except

answer

foreigners were required to pay for the city's infrastructure in order to conduct business in Russia.

question

How did the Ottomans establish an effective bureaucracy?

answer

They trained slaves to administer, and the most talented slaves rose to the top of the bureaucracy.

question

What was James I's greatest problem when he assumed the throne of England?

answer

James's belief that a monarch was responsible only to God contradicted English tradition that private property could not be seized without due process of law.

question

How did Charles I seek to address his financial crisis?

answer

He revived medieval laws that permitted him to levy taxes considered illegal by most people.

question

Which of the following best characterizes Oliver Cromwell's religious policies?

answer

He forbade the practice of Catholicism but welcomed the immigration of Jews to England.

question

How did the coronation of William and Mary resolve the issue of sovereignty in England?

answer

Sovereignty was divided between the monarchy and Parliament, and the king ruled with the consent of the governed.

question

John Locke's view of natural rights included all of the following except

answer

all men have the right of consent and must therefore hold the right to vote.

question

Which of the following best describes the "little ice age" of the seventeenth century?

answer

Shortened farming seasons led to food shortages, malnutrition, and disease.

question

How did the urban-rural dynamic change in eastern Europe in the seventeenth century?

answer

Landlords sold products directly to foreigners, bypassing local towns, and the population of the towns and the urban middle class subsequently declined.

question

How did the Peace of Westphalia affect the power of the Holy Roman emperor in central Europe?

answer

The treaty confirmed the emperor's severely limited authority.

question

Over the course of the seventeenth century, how did rulers improve their response to popular revolts?

answer

Municipal governments were better integrated into the national structure, and local authorities received prompt military support from the central government.

question

What was the most important consequence of the Fronde?

answer

The French desired a strong monarch to reimpose order.

question

Louis XIV had all of the following constraints on his power except

answer

he had no authority to appoint church officials, who often worked against his plans.

question

What role did women play in the French patronage systems?

answer

Women brokered alliances between factions, advocated policy decisions, and recommended individuals for honors.

question

What Louis XIV's goal in keeping France at war for so much of his reign?

answer

Louis wanted to expand France to what he considered its natural borders.

question

What was the fundamentally flawed idea that the Count-Duke Olivares promoted in Spain?

answer

Spain's difficulties could be solved by a return to the imperial tradition of the sixteenth century.

question

What result emerged from the Treaty of the Pyrenees of 1659?

answer

Spain surrendered extensive territories to France.

question

How did the Habsburgs' losses in the Thirty Years' War affect their political ambitions?

answer

The Habsburgs turned their attention inward and eastward and strove to unify their domains.

question

How did Ivan IV seek to crush the power of the boyars?

answer

He created a new service nobility dependent on the state for their titles and estates.

question

How did Peter the Great seek to reward talented individuals of non-noble origins?

answer

He created a bureaucracy with fourteen ranks and required everyone to work his way up from the bottom.

question

How did the Ottomans understand the fall of Constantinople?

answer

The fall of Constantinople signified the liberation of a glorious city from its long decline under the Byzantines.

question

How did the Ottomans organize their various religious factions within their empire?

answer

Each religious group was organized into a millet or nation that enjoyed autonomous self-government under its religious leaders.

question

Why were religious tensions in England increasing in the early seventeenth century?

answer

Puritans believed that the Church of England needed to be cleansed of Roman Catholic elements.

question

What did Thomas Hobbes believe was the only solution for managing humans' violent hunger for power and wealth?

answer

a social contract in which all members of society submit to the absolute rule of a monarch, who maintains peace and order

question

How did Charles II seek to address his lack of adequate income from Parliament?

answer

He accepted funds from Louis XIV of France in return for promising to move England toward Catholicism.

question

What change in political practice marked a significant decline in the monarchy's decision-making authority in England?

answer

King George II stopped attending cabinet meetings.

question

Who held the majority of political authority in the Dutch Republic?

answer

an oligarchy of wealthy businessmen called "regents" who handled domestic affairs in each province's Estates

question

The Catholic Church wanted the baroque movement to promote what sensibility?

answer

an intensely emotional, exuberant sensibility that emphasized ceaseless striving

question

How did Ptolemy account for the apparent backward motion of planets?

answer

He asserted that the planets moved in small circles as they moved along the larger circles of their orbits.

question

Renaissance scholars recovered many works of Greek and Roman science through

answer

Arabic translations of the original ancient books.

question

Which of the following was one of the important scientific or religious implications of the Copernican hypothesis?

answer

By positing that the earth is simply another planet, Copernicus destroyed Aristotle's idea that the earthly and heavenly worlds are fundamentally different from each other.

question

Which of the following does not accurately describe one of Kepler's laws of planetary motion?

answer

The gravitational pull exerted on a planet by the sun is balanced by the planet's natural inclination to move in a straight line.

question

Of his many accomplishments, what was Galileo's greatest achievement?

answer

the elaboration and consolidation of the experimental method

question

In addition to his work in astronomy, Isaac Newton gave long effort to working in all of the following fields except

answer

medicine.

question

How did Descartes understand the basic matter of the universe?

answer

Descartes believed that matter was composed of identical corpuscules that collided together in an endless series of motions.

question

How did the scientific revolution affect women's roles in scientific scholarship?

answer

The rise of professional scientific communities created more barriers for women than had existed in Renaissance courts.

question

Why did some countries prove to be more hospitable environments for the development of science?

answer

Countries that lacked a strong religious authority capable of suppressing "heretical" scientific work saw science prosper.

question

How did Enlightenment thinkers differ from those of the Renaissance?

answer

Renaissance thinkers took inspiration from the classical past, but Enlightenment thinkers believed their era had gone far beyond antiquity.

question

Which of the following is not a part of John Locke's Essay Concerning Human Understanding?

answer

All human ideas are produced from innate structures of reason and logic.

question

What image did the baron de Montesquieu use to symbolize the oppression of despotism?

answer

Persian harem

question

What opinion did Voltaire hold with regard to social and economic equality in human affairs?

answer

The idea of making poor, uneducated servants equal to their masters was absurd.

question

In the Scottish Enlightenment, how did David Hume build on John Locke's teachings to challenge Christianity?

answer

Hume argued that since all of our ideas emanate from our sense experiences, we cannot know anything about the origin of the universe or the existence of God.

question

What role did the salonnières play within salons?

answer

The salonnières mediated among individuals of different status and different philosophical, religious, and social beliefs.

question

All of the following emerged in the Enlightenment as sites of public and philosophical discussion except

answer

taverns.

question

Which of the following best characterizes the philosophes' attitude toward the common people?

answer

The common people were like little children in that they were deluded by superstitions and driven by violent passions.

question

On what basis did Rousseau criticize women?

answer

Women's love for displaying themselves in public and pulling the strings of power had a corrupting effect on both politics and society.

question

How did most Enlightenment thinkers outside of England and the Netherlands believe that political reform could most likely occur?

answer

through the actions of rulers

question

How did Frederick II of Prussia provide a new justification for monarchy?

answer

With his reforms, Frederick justified monarchy in terms of practical results.

question

What was the consequence of Pugachev's rebellion in Russia?

answer

The rebellion brought an end to any intentions Catherine the Great might have had about reforming the system of serfdom in Russia.

question

The Haskalah movement was accompanied by what change within Jewish communities?

answer

the loosening of rabbinic authority

question

Why did Christian theologians adopt Aristotle's ideas?

answer

Aristotle's ideas made humans the center of the universe and the central link in "a great chain of being" that stretched from God to the lowest life forms on earth.

question

Why did Copernicus find Ptolemy's work unsatisfactory?

answer

Copernicus believed Ptolemy's mathematically cumbersome and occasionally inaccurate rules detracted from the majesty of a perfect creator.

question

How did a new star that appeared in 1572 and shone brightly for two years challenge accepted ideas about the heavens?

answer

It contradicted the idea that the heavenly spheres were perfect and unchanging.

question

In developing his planetary theory, Johannes Kepler used and developed data that had been collected by

answer

Tycho Brahe.

question

How did Galileo respond to imprisonment and the threat of torture when accused of heresy by the papal Inquisition?

answer

He recanted his Copernican errors.

question

What was the central component of Isaac Newton's unified system of the universe?

answer

Every body in the universe attracts every other body in a precisely mathematical relationship.

question

René Descartes's dualism understood the world as consisting of what two substances?

answer

matter and mind

question

How did religious communities regard the new science up until the 1630s?

answer

Catholic, Protestant, and Jewish religious officials opposed the Copernican system.

question

Which of the following was not one of the three core concepts of Enlightenment thinking?

answer

All people are equally capable of advanced reasoning with rational and clear methods.

question

Which of the following best summarizes the ideas of Baruch Spinoza?

answer

God and nature are two names for the same thing, and good and evil are merely relative values in a deterministic universe.

question

Why did the Enlightenment reach its highest development in France?

answer

The French philosophes sought to reach a larger audience of elites, many of whom were joined together in a "republic of letters."

question

What condition did Montesquieu believe was central to promoting liberty and preventing tyranny?

answer

a division of political power among a variety of classes holding unequal rights

question

What was the central assumption of the Encyclopedia?

answer

Knowledge would result in greater human happiness by making possible economic, social, and political progress.

question

How did the nature of reading change in the "reading revolution"?

answer

Reading began to involve a more diverse array of books and was done privately and silently.

question

Which of the following best characterizes the philosophes' view of women's rights?

answer

Some philosophes championed greater rights and expanded education for women, but greater rights did not mean equal rights.

question

Which of the following best characterizes the public sphere of the Enlightenment?

answer

The public sphere was an idealized space informed by critical reason where individuals discussed and debated the issues of the day.

question

According to Immanuel Kant, from whom did all modern races derive?

answer

an original race of "white brunette" people

question

What did Immanuel Kant mean by sapere aude?

answer

Have the courage to use your own understanding.

question

For Prussia, what was the most important consequence of the War of the Austrian Succession?

answer

Prussia added Silesia to its territory, doubling its population and securing its position as a Great Power.

question

What was the principal idea of cameralism?

answer

All elements of society should be placed at the service of the monarchy, which should use its resources and authority to improve society.

question

Maria Theresa of Austria sought to introduce all of the following reforms except

answer

reforms granting the different ethnic groups within her empire equal status under the law.

question

How did Catherine the Great respond to the large Jewish population she gained after annexing part of Poland?

answer

Catherine required most Jews to live in a region of eastern Europe called the Pale of Settlement.

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