Jepson Chapter 8 study guide – Flashcards
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what plunged Europe into 30+ years of turmoil
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the clash of people with opposing ideologies
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what did the powers of Europe try to do at the Congress of Vienna
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uproot the "revolutionary seed" and suppress nationalist fervor
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ideologies
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systems of thought and belief
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Concert of Europe
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agreement made by the conservatives to support the political and social order that had existed before Napoleon and the French Revolution
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who was the Congress of Vienna a victory for
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conservatives
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Conservatives
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-wanted to return to the way things were before 1789 -supported social hierarchy where lower classes respected and obeyed social superiors -backed established church -talk about natural rights->chaos -change needs to come slowly -peace and stability
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established church in austria and southern europe
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catholic
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established church in northern europe and eastern orthodox in eastern europe
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protestant
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Metternich
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-sought to suppress revolutionary ideas -urged monarchs to oppose freedom of the press, crush protests, send troops to douse the flames of rebellion in neighbors
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liberals
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-bourgeoisie ("bourgeoisie liberalism") -gov. based on written constitutions and separation of powers -spoke against divine-right monarchy, old aristocracy, established churches -defended natural rights of individuals to liberty, equality, property -wanted rulers elected by the people and responsible for them -republican form of gov. or limited monarchy -gov. only for protecting rights of freedom, thought, speech, religion -only male property owners or people with financial stake could vote -later supported universal manhood suffrage -supported laissez faire-free market as an opportunity for capitalist entrepreneurs
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bourgeoisie
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middle class
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what types of people would be conservatives
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monarchs in their officials, noble landowners, church leaders
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what types of people would be liberals
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business owners, bankers, lawyers, politicians, newspaper editors, writers (people who helped shape public opinion)
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universal manhood suffrage
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gave all adult men the right to vote
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empires in 1815 with diverse peoples
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Austrian, Ottoman, Russian
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nationalists in the Austrian empire tried to...
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unite and win independence for each particular group
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what did nationalism do to people
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-gave people with common heritage a sense of identity/goal of creating their own homeland -bred intolerance/led to persecution of other ethnic or national groups
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revolutionaries
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fought against the old order
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where did rebellions erupt in central europe during the 1800s
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Balkan Peninsula and southern fringe of Europe
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Balkans
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-southeastern Europe -various religion/ethnic groups -lived under Ottoman rule for 300+ years
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first Balkan people to revolt
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Serbs
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Karageorge
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-1804-1813 Serbia's first attack -led guerilla war against the Ottomans -unsuccessful -fostered a sense of Serbian identity -revival of Serbian literature and culture added to sense of nationhood
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Milos Obrenovic
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-1815 led Serbia's second attack -Russian helped win autonomy within the Ottoman empire -later got formal independence
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autonomy
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self rule
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1800s Greece
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-1821 Greeks revolted trying to end centuries of Ottoman rule -"a national war, a holy war, a war the object of which is to reconquer the rights of individual liberty" -had support of Romantic writers/admirers in Europe -late 1820's Britain, France, and Russia forced the Ottomans to grant independence to SOME Greek provinces -1830 Greece was independent -European powers pressured Greece into accepting a German king
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What helped shape Greeks national identity
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previous awful battles for independence
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Lord Bryon
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one of the romantic writers that supported Greek independence, went to aid the fight for independence
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what did European powers pressuring Greece into accepting a German king show
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that they did not support the nationalism that brought about the revolution
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what happened as a result of challenges to the Vienna Peace settlement
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-1820's, revolts along the southern fringe of Europe -in Spain, Portugal, others in the Italian peninsula tried to gain a constitutional gov.
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What did other places do in response to Metternich urging conservatives to crush the uprisings
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-French army marched over the Pyrenees to suppress a revolt in Spain -Austrian forces crossed the Alps to smash rebellious outbreaks in Italy
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goal of the new industrial working class
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social reformers and agitators were urging workers to support socialism/reorganize property ownership
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What happened to Louis XVIII after the Congress of Vienna
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restored him to the French throne
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Charter of French Liberties
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-issued by Louis the XVIII -2 house legislature -allowed limited freedom of the press
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Charles X
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-Louis the XVIII's younger brother -strong believer in absolutism -rejected idea of the charter -July 1830-he suspended the legislature, limited the right to vote, restricted the press
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radicals
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those in favor of extreme change
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liberals and radicals response to Charles X's changes
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-Paris-angry citizens threw up barricades on narrow streets and fired/pelted stones/roof tiles from behind them on soldiers -after a few days rebells controlled paris
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Charles X response to liberals and radicals response
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abdicated and fled to England
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with king gone different opinions on gov.
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-radicals-republic -moderate liberals-constitutional monarchy-Louis Philippe as king
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Louis Philippe
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-cousin of Charles X -supported 1789 revolution -"citizen King"-owed his throne to the people -got along with liberal bourgeoisie (upper bougie prospered) -liberal politicians filled his gov. -extended suffrage to Frances wealthier citizens -policies favored middle class at expense of workers
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Metternich- "when France sneezes, Europe catches a cold"
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revolts in Paris inspired outbreak of uprisings elsewhere in Europe
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1815 Congress of Vienna united...
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Austrian Netherlands and the kingdom of Holland under the Dutch king
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what did the Congress of Vienna hope to do in regards to France
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create a strong-barrier to help prevent French expansion in the future
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why did Belgian bourgeoisie resent the new arrangment
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-them and Dutch had different languages -Belgians-Catholic, Dutch-Protestant -Belgians relied on manufacturing, Dutch relied on trade
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1830, news of Paris uprising ignited a revolutionary spark in Belgium
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-citizens took up arms against the Dutch troops in Brussels (capital) -Britain and France-believed would benefit from separation of Belgium and Holland and supported them -1831, Belgium became an independent state with a liberal constitution
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Rebellion in Poland
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-Russia, Austria, and Prussia had divided up Poland -1830, Polish students, army officers, landowners rose in revolt -failed to win support-crushed by Russians
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1840s discontent in France again
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-radicals-formed secret societies to work for a French republic -Utopian socialists-called for an end to private ownership of property -liberals-called for expanded suffrage -later heightened by recession -factories shut down, people lost jobs, poor harvests, bread prices increased
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recession
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period of reduced economic activity
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"February Days"
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-February 1848 angry crowds took the streets -overturned carts, paving stones, toppled trees blocked streets -church bells rang alarms, people sang la marseillaise -liberals, radicals, socialists proclaimed the Second Republic
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la marseillaise
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revolutionary anthem
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why did Louis Philippe abdicate
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b/c of the February days
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deep differences in gov. after February days
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-middle class liberals-moderate political reforms -socialists-far reaching social and economic change, forced gov. to set up national workshops to provide jobs for unemployed
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"June Days"
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-upper/middle class shut down national workshops -furious workers took the streets -liberal bourgeois turned against the protesters -peasants attacked rioting workers in fear of their land being taken away
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bitter legacy of "June Days"
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-middle class feared/distrusted the socialists -working class harbored a hatred for the bourgeoisie
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Constitution for the Second Republic
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-National Assembly 1848 -strong president -1 house legislature -gave the vote to all men
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Louis Napoleon
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-nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte -cared about social issues-poverty -name helped win conservatives -1852, proclaimed himself emperor (Napoleon III)-ended Second Republic -used plebiscite to win public approval for his seizure of power
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"springtime of the peoples"
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-1848 revolts in paris unleashed a wave of revolution across Europe -time period of hope for for opponents of the old order
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grievances during "springtime of the peoples"
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-middle class liberals-wanted a greater share of political power for themselves, protections for the basic rights of all male citizens -workers-demanded relief from the miseries of the Industrial Revolution -nationalists-ached to throw off foreign rule
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Revolts in Austria
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-students demanded change -Budapest-Hungarian nationalists demanded an independent gov., end to serfdom, written constitution to protect basic rights (Prague-Czechs similar) -gov. agreed to reforms-temporary (Austrian troops regained control of Vienna & Prague and smashed rebels in Budapest)
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when did Metternich resign and flee
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when workers joined students on streets of Vienna during Austrian revolt
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Louis Kossuth
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journalist who led Hungarian nationalists in budapest
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Revolts in Italy
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-nationalists wanted to end Hapsburg domination & set up a constitutional gov. -set up independent republics from Venice to Naples -revolutionaries expelled the pope from Rome & installed a nationalist gov. -Austrian troops ousted the new govs. in northern Italy -French army restored the pope to power in Rome -in Naples rulers canceled the reforms they had reluctantly accepted
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Revolts in German States
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-university students demanded national unity and liberal reforms -peasants.workers-economic hard times & potato famine -Prussia-liberals forced King Fredrick William IV to agree to a constitution written by an elected assembly (lasted only 1 year) -delegates met in the Frankfurt Assembly -republic vs. monarch, should include Austria? -assembly offered Fredrick William IV the crown of united Germany
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Fredrick William IV
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-assembly offered him the crown of united Germany -conservative -rejected b/c not from princes -"from the gutter"
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why did uprisings fail
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-rulers use of military force -revolutionaries did not have mass support
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where was discontent rooted in Latin America
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social, radical, political system
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peninsulares
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-members of the highest social class -dominated Latin American political/social life -only ones who could hold top jobs in gov. & church
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creoles
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-Europeon descended Latin Americans -owned the haciendas, ranches, mines -resented their social status
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mestizos
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people of Native American and European descent
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mulattoes
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-people of African & European descent -angry at being denied the status, wealth, power that were available to whites
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what did Native Americans suffer
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economic misery under the Spanish (conquered the lands of their ancestors)
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enslaved African Americans in the Caribbean and parts of South America
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longed for freedom
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creoles inspired by the enlightenment
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-"liberty, equality, fraternity" -Simon Bolivar -most reluctant to act
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invasion of Spain in 1808
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-Napoleon kicked out the king and replaced him with his brother Joseph -saw Spain's weakness as an opportunity to reject foreign domination and demand independence from colonial rule
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Haitian slaves on sugar plantations revolt
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-1791 -embittered by suffering/inspired talk of liberty and equality -1798, achieved goal-slavery abolished, Toussaint's forces controlled most of island
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Toussaint L'Ouverture
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-self-educated, former slave -brilliant general/inspiring commander -led Haitian slaves in revolt
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Haiti's battle for independence
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-1802 Bonaparte sent large army to reconquer the former colony -Toussaint urged countrymen to take up arms to resist invasion -April truced-still French captured Toussaint and carried him to chains where he died in a prison -1803 French surrendered b/c yellow fever was destroying their army -1804, Haiti became an independent country -1820, Haiti became a republic
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Father Miguel Hidalgo
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-creole priest in mexico -Septemeber 15, 1810 rang church bells and summoned the people, preached them "el Grito de Dolores"
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"el Grito de Dolores"
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-cry of freedom -called Mexicans to fight for independence
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Father Jose Morelos
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-mestizo priest -called for wide-ranging social & political reform -wanted to improve conditions for mexicans, abolish slavery, give vote to all men -led rebel forces for 4 years until he was captured/shot
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Mexican Independence
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-Spain 1820 liberals forced the king to issue a constitution -led by Augustin de iturbide to independence
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Augustin de Iturbide
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-conservative creole in Mexico -feared that the new Spanish gov. might impose liberal reforms on the colonies as well -1821 he overthrew the Spanish viceroy -took title Emperor Agustin I
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United Provinces of Central America
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-republic that fragmented into the separate republics of Guatemala, Nicaragua, Honduras, El Salvador, Costa Rica
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Simon Bolivar
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-1810, led uprising that established a republic in Venezuela (his native)-quickly toppled by conservatives -alliance with llaneros -led an army across the Andes to attack the Spanish at Bogata (capital) -1819, took bogata from Spanish -1821, freed caracas, venezuela (then ecuador, peru, bolivia) -joined with Jose de San martin -"the liberator" -convinced the Aneros to give up fighting for Spain and start fighting against it
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llaneros
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Venezuelan cowboys
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Jose San Martin
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-creole born in Argentina -got military training in Europe -1816, helped Argentina win freedom from Spain -led army across the Andes from Argentina into Chile where he defeated the Spanish -later moved to Peru to strike further blows against colonial rule -1822, turned his command over to Bolivar
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what did bolivar work on after wars of independence ended in 1824
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-tried to unite the lands he had liberated into a single nation (Gran Columbia) -rivalries made it impossible (Gran Columbia split into Columbia, panama, Venezuela, Ecuador) -before died said-"we have achieved our independence at the expense of everything else"
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Brazil Gains Independence
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-Napoleons army conquered Portugal->Portuguese royal family fled to Brazil->left Dom Pedro to rule Brazil when he left ("if Brazil demands independence, proclaim it yourself and put the crown on your own head")
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Dom Pedro
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-Napoleons son -revolution brought new leaders to Portugal who planned to abolish reforms and demanded that he return->he refused -became emperor of Brazil -accepted a constitution-freedom of press, freedom of religion, elected legislature
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What led Brazil to become a republic
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social and political turmoil
