question

although he did manage to discover a world unknown to Europeans, Christopher Columbus did so in spite of:

answer

his gross miscalculations of the earth's size

question

the industry that most fundamental shaped the sixteenth-century Spanish colonies in Central and South America was:

answer

mining

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T or F within just a few decades of Columbus' arrival in the Americas, between 50 and 90 percent of the indigenous peoples of the Americas had perished from disease

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true

question

T or F Relatively few of the slaves who passed through the major Mediterranean slave markets were Europeans. Most were African.

answer

false

question

the majority of Ottoman slaves were Christians because

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muslims were not permitted to enslave other Muslims

question

in the late twelfth century, the Mongols quickly built up a large military force by

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incorporating the armies of defeated tribes

question

in the long history of slavery in Western Civilization, slavery was not directly related to ethnicity or skin color until

answer

Lisbon became a significant market for enslaved Africans in the middle of the fifteenth century

question

when the ottomans conquered Constantinople in 1453, the primary effect of their conquest on western Europe was

answer

psychological

question

the expression mongol horde actually ones from the

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Turkish word ordu, meaning tent or encampment

question

by 1520, which European country dominated the seaborne spice trade with Asia

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portugal

question

T or F Puritanism was a branch of Calvinism

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true

question

although it was the norm with European academic societies to not admit women, one exception to this was

answer

Laura Bassi

question

the trial of Galileo by the Inquisition resulted in

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all of these

question

which english natural philosopher discovered the cellular structure of plants

answer

Robert Hooke

question

in the year 1500, the social and economic prospects of Europe were:

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rising, spurred by commercial expansion and a new religious enthusiasm among the laity

question

Martin Luther's religious reforms included all of the following except:

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denying that Christ was truly present at the Lord's Supper

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T or F the Jesuits were not only missionaries but also soldiers who fought secular wars on behalf of the papacy

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false

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Nicholas Copernicus hesitated to publish his De Revolutionizes because:

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the implications if his theory of heliocentricity greatly troubled him

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from the seventeenth century on, there existed a fundamental shift in the view of the world by the Western world. to be considered modern one now approached the world through

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science

question

Protestantism took hold and spread initially

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in Germany and then mostly in northern Europe

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the economic system created by Napoleon Bonaparte to starve British trade was known as the:

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continental system

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in the spirit of the laws, Baron de Montesquieu argued

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in favor of the separation and balancing of the powers of government

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when the committee of public safety fell from power in 1794l it was replaced by a more moderate group known as the

answer

directory

question

T or F due to high regard that philosophes like Voltaire had for England, English became the language of the Enlightenment

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false

question

the invisible hand of Adam Smith's theory could best guide economic activity because

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all humans are rational and are the best judges of their own interests

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the list of grievances drawn up by the delegates of the three Estates were called the

answer

Cahiers des doleances

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peasants in pre-Revolutionary France paid a disproportional share of the taxes, such as the core and the tithe to the Church, but the most onerous of these was the tax on

answer

salt

question

T or F Salons were usually organized by well-connected and learned aristocratic women

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true

question

most victims of the "Reign of Terror" were aristocrats, nobles, wealthy merchants, and artisans

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false

question

a primary concern of the Enlightenment was the

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all of these

question

historians are

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interpretive storytellers

question

historians care less about what, where, and when, and most about ___ and ____

answer

why and how

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just like history ____ change over time

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historical interpretations

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an accusation that someone is revising the story of the past to fit their own political agenda

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revisionism

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the study of how we know what we know about the past

answer

historical epistemology

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sources that come to us directly from the period we are studying

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primary sources

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texts that can be read; letters, stories, myths, diaries, speeches, music; documents and artifacts u

answer

documents

question

objects we can interpret; buildings, tools, weapons, currency

answer

artifacts

question

historical interpretations of primary sources; textbooks, monographs, articles

answer

secondary sources

question

an Incan system for mathematics, accounting, and communication- the closest technology to a system of writing

answer

quipu

question

___ left an extensive documentary record about pre-columbian civilizations

answer

Europeans

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Spanish conquistador and author of Cronicas de Peru

answer

Pedro Cieza de Leon

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conquistador and priest, opposed Spanish cruelty to and enslavement of Indians, in his Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies

answer

Bartolome de las Casas

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judging the value of a different cultural, ethnic, or racial group based on the standards of one's own cultural, ethnic, or racial group

answer

ethnocentrism

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leader of the Aztecs, ruled from Tenochtitlan (present day Mexico city) capital of the Aztec empire

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Moctezuma II

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conquistador who conquered the Aztec civilization of present day Mexico

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Hernan Cortes

question

1) with few exceptions (e.g. Aztec, Mayan, and Incan empires) Indian populations were small and scattered across a vast, empty wilderness 2) Indian Civilization went back no further than 13,000 years, when the first Indians migrated across the "land bridge" between present-day Russia and Alaska 3) In contrast to the world's great civilizations (Europe, Islam, China) Indian societies had virtually no environmental impact on the wilderness they inhabited

answer

3 persistent myths about pre columbian indian societies

question

___ populations were much larger than previously believed, perhaps as much as 10 times larger (as many 100 million inhabitants)

answer

indian

question

Indian societies were ___ and much more sophisticated than previously thought

answer

older

question

Indians had a much greater ___ impact on the Americas than previously believed

answer

environmental

question

which of the following best describes how we know what we know about pre-Columbian civilizations

answer

we can read many European accounts, but we must take into account European ethnocentrism

question

grammar, logic, and rhetoric

answer

the trivium

question

arithmetic, music, geometry, and astronomy

answer

the quadrivium

question

the liberal arts formed the basis of the ___ the study of humanity- the "humanities"

answer

studia humanitatis

question

French ambassador to England

answer

Jean de Dinteville

question

bishop of Lavaur

answer

Georges de Selve

question

the new technique of distorting an image, requiring the viewer to observe the image form a specific angle

answer

anamorphosis

question

a new economic system based on the private accumulation of wealth

answer

capitalism

question

many important scientific and navigational tools were invented by muslim and jewish scientists during the ___ which began hundreds of years before the European

answer

Islamic Renaissance

question

nobody used the word ___ to describe this period until the 1850s.

answer

renaissance

question

europeans looked for ___ values in what they called the renaissance

answer

modern

question

the renaissance provided a justification for European imperialism

answer

imperialism

question

today, historians generally use the term ___ rather than Renaissance

answer

early modern world

question

goods sold to the rest of the world; textiles, timber, glassware, soap, paper, copper, silver, and gold

answer

European exports

question

good purchased form the rest of the world; spices (pepper, nutmeg, cloves, cinnamon), cotton, silk, satin, velvet, carpets, opium, porcelain, horses, precious stones, dyes for textiles and painting

answer

european imports

question

an open-air market found throughout the Arab world

answer

souq

question

first introduced Europeans to Hindu-Arabic numerals (0-9) in Liber Abaci (book of calculation)

answer

Fibonacci of Pisa

question

Mehmed II's palace- housed the world's most important renaissance library; it was designed by Italian architects

answer

Topkapi Saray

question

Mehmed II renovated the crumbling ancient church, the Hagia Sophia, and converted it into a mosque

answer

mosque

question

decided to return to the papacy to Rome n 1378, but dies before leaving

answer

pope gregory XI

question

two popes rule for the next several decades- one in ___ and one in ___

answer

France and Rome

question

Luther was driven to action in 1517 after witnessing the sale of ___ in his German town, Wittenberg

answer

indulgences

question

urged people to read the Bible for themselves, declared that clergy should be able to marry, criticized clergy for luxurious living, rejected the belief in Purgatory, demanded sacraments be reduced from 7 to 2, calls on secular (state) leaders to take power out of Rome;s hands and assume role in governing church

answer

Luther

question

a social upheaval investigated by Luther's revolutionary ideas

answer

German Peasants' War

question

Jean Calvin preached the doctrine of ___

answer

predestination

question

Europeans during the Enlightenment told us that they were ____ and we still believe them

answer

enlightened

question

enlightenment thinkers sought progress through ____; the application of logic, the establishment and verification of factual truth, and the changing or reaffirmation of beliefs, practices, and institutions based on newly discovered information

answer

reason

question

the ___ of 1755 and the origins of the science of seismology

answer

Lisbon Earthquake

question

English physicist astronomer, philosopher, mathematician, pastry chef

answer

Isaac Newton

question

enlightenment thinkers would adapt the ___ ideas about observing the natural world to the realm of human beings

answer

scientific revolution

question

the ___ influential french thinkers of the 18th century: Montesquieu, Voltaire, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau

answer

philosphes

question

a systematic dictionary of the sciences, arts and crafts (28 volumes) edited by the philosophe Denis Diderot

answer

Encyclopaedia

question

author of The Spirit of the Laws

answer

Montesquieu

question

Europe's most powerful ___ Louis XIV of France, famously proclaimed I am the state

answer

absolute monarch

question

___ of Europe: Catherine the Great of Russia and Frederick the Great of Prussia

answer

enlightened monarchs

question

Rousseau, author of The Social Contract and father of the concept of the ___

answer

general will

question

the ___ were the first European intellectuals to study economics systematically; Francois Quesnay, Anne-Robert Jaquese, and Pierre de Pont

answer

physiocrats

question

___ wrote the Wealth of Nations, an attack on the mercantilism of the 17th and 18th centuries and the first important articulation of the principles of capitalism

answer

Adam Smith

question

newspapers, magazines, and other inexpensive publications were ___ in France in the second half of the 18th century

answer

plentiful

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