History Semester 2 – Flashcards
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Militarism
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The desire to have the strongest military
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Alliances
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Partnerships between countries for defense
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Imperialism
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The desire to conquer other countries
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Nationalism
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Belief that one's country is better than others
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Nation-state
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A system in which people with a common identity live inside a country with firm borders and a single governent
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Archduke Franz Ferdinand
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Future King of Austria-Hungary, assassinated by Gavrilo Princip
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Triple Alliance (A.K.A.)
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Central Powers. Germany, Hungary, Bulgaria, Ottoman Empire
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Triple Entente (A.K.A.)
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Allied Powers, Allies. Great Britain, France, Russia, Japan and Italy
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Western ; Eastern Front
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WF: Deadlocked region of bloody stalemates along Northern France EF: Germany fought Russia here
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Trench Warfare
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Soldiers fight each other from trenches
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Shlieffen Plan aka the First Battle of the Marne
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Attacking and defeating France in the west and rushing east to fight Russia. They fought France and failed to defeat them swiftly, prolonging war and straining Germany.
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Unrestricted submarine warfare
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The policy that allowed Germans to sink submarines without warning
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Total war
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Countries devote all resources to the war effort
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Rationing
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The system where people could buy only small amounts of items that were needed for the war effort
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Propaganda
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One sided information designed to persuade
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Second Battle of the Marne
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In July 1918, Allies and Germans clashed at the Second Battle of the Marne. The French, with American support, crushed German forces and caused Central Powers to crumble and surrender.
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Armistice
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An agreement to stop fighting
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President Woodrow Wilson (1913-1921)
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Asked to declare on Germany, made Fourteen Points
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Fourteen Points
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A post war plan that outlines a just and lasting peace
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League of Nations
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An international association whose goal would be to keep peace among nations
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Self-determination
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Allowing people to decide what government they wished to live in
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Treaty of Versailles (1919)
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The post WWI treaty that officially ended WWI
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War guilt clause
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Placed sole responsibility of war on Germany's soldiers
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Genocide
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The deliberate killing of a large group of people (especially those of an ethnic group or a nation)
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Zimmerman telegram
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Officials intercepted a telegram, written by Arthur Zimmerman stating if Mexico helped Germany, Germany would help Mexico reclaim the land it lost to the U.S.
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Gavrilo Princip
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A terrorist group in Sarajevo, Bosnia
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Communism
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Government owns all property, makes all economic decisions, and pays workers same.
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Karl Marx
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Founded Marxism and wrote Communist Manifesto
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Friedrich Engels
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Found Marxist theory with Karl Marx and wrote Communist Manifesto
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Communist Manifesto
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An essay on the problems of capitalism and a set of proposals to counter those problems (in the context of mid 1800s Europe)
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Proletariat
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The people of the working class
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Bourgeoisie
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The capitalist class who own most of society's wealth and means of production.
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Bolsheviks and the Bolshevik Revolution
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A communist gang led by Vladimir Lenin, that took over Russia in 1917.
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Vladimir Lenin
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Led the Bolsheviks into taking over the country and ruled USSR
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Joseph Stalin
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Killed preceding ruler Leon Trotsky and took over Soviet Union
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Command Economy
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A system in which the government makes all economic decisions.
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1) Who were the initial members of the Triple Alliance and Triple Entente?
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Triple Alliance (Central Powers) : Italy, Austria-Hungary and Germany Triple Entente (Allied Powers) : Great Britain, France, Russia
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2) How and why was Archduke Franz Ferdinand's assassination the "spark" of the war?
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He was the future king of Austria-Hungary. Assassination of leader sparked war between Serbia and Austria-Hungary, which led to a chain reaction of other wars.
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3) How was Europe like a "powder keg" in the early 1900s?
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Europe was like a powder keg because Europe's countries had: Militarism: the desire to have the strongest military Allies: Partnerships between countries for defense Imperialism; Desire to conquer other countries Nationalism; Belief that one's country is better than others
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4) Explain what the Schlieffen Plan was and why did it ultimately collapse?
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The Schlieffen Plan was a battle strategy that called for attacking and defeating France in the west and then rushing east to fight Russia. It failed because the Germans could not defeat the Allies in the valley of the Marne river, when the French received reinforcements (600+ taxicabs rushed soldiers from Paris to the front)
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5) Why did the United States enter World War I in 1917?
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German's had sunken American ships. Then they intercepted a telegram from Germany to Mexico saying Germany would help Mexico "reconquer' the land it had lost to the U.S. if Mexico allied itself with Germany.
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6) Briefly explain the event that took place leading Germany and France to sign an armistice.
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At the Second Battle of the Marne, Allied forces smashed through the German lines and advanced towards Germany. Central Powers began to crumble.
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7) How did total war lead to rationing?
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Total war lead to rationing because total war meant that countries devoted all their resources to the war effort. To supply soldiers, they began to enforce rationing, which allowed people to buy only small amounts of certain items that were needed for the war effort.
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9) According to the provisions of the Treaty of Versailles (1919), what are four ways in which Germany was punished?
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According to the provisions of the Treaty of Versailles, the four ways in which Germany was punished was that they were excluded from the League of Nations, they surrendered all overseas colonies in Africa and the Pacific, they set limits on the size of the German army and they forced Germany to pay the Allies 33 billion dollars in reparations.
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10) Why did the United States reject the Treaty of Versailles (1919)?
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The United States reject the Treaty of Versailles because they wanted to stay out of European affairs, and the League of Nations would force them to partake in their affairs.
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8) Briefly describe 3 ways in which women contributed to the war effort.
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Three ways in which women contributed to the war effort were, they built tanks, they plowed fields, and they helped troops in war by supplying them with food, clothing and weapons.
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11) What are four new countries that were created after World War I?
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The four new countries that were created after World War I were Poland, Prussia, Hungary, Czechoslovakia
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12) Explain the guiding light for President Wilson's Fourteen Points peace plan.
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The guiding light for President Wilson's Fourteen Points peace plan was self determination, to allow people to decide for themselves what type of government they wanted to live by.
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13) Which countries were part of the Big Four?
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The countries that were part of the Big Four were the U.S., France, England, and Italy
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14) Why was Russia and Germany excluded from the League of Nations?
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Russia was not represented because they were dealing with a civil war Germany and its allies were not in attendance
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6) Of the 7 traits of a totalitarian government, name 2 and describe them.
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Two traits of a totalitarian government are Dictatorship and One-Party Rule and Methods of Enforcement. The first trait is of a leader who exercises absolute authority and dominates government. The second one is of a leader using police terror, indoctrination, censorship and persecution to enforce.
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7) Why was the Great Purge necessary?
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For Stalin, the Great Purge was necessary to maintain his power in the government. At the end of the Great Purge, Stalin had gained total control of the Soviet government.
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8) Describe 2 tactics in which Stalin maintained total control of Russia. Provide concrete examples.
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Two tactics in which Stalin used to maintain total control are "Propaganda and Censorship" and "Education and Indoctrination". An example for the first one would be the fact that Stalin's government controlled all newspapers, motion pictures, radio and other sources of information. Stalin also would not tolerate individual creativity that did not conform to the views of the state.
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9) Describe Stalin's Five-Year Plan.
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Stalin's Five Year Plan set impossibly high quotas, set to increase the output of steel, coal, oil and electricity. The government limited production of consumer goods, leaving people to face severe shortages of housing, food, clothing, and other necessary goods.
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10) Explain what a collective farm is and how the virtues of communism (sacrifice &______________) are beneficial towards a collective farm system.
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A collective farm is a large government owned farm in which hundreds of families worked on, producing food for the state.
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11) Define totalitarianism as stated in the textbook reading.
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Totalitarianism is a form of government that takes total, centralized state control over every aspect of public and private life
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Mahatma Gandhi
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Was the leader of the Indian independence movement in British-ruled India
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Civil Disobedience
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the refusal to comply with certain laws or to pay taxes and fines, as a peaceful form of political protest.
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1) Provide concrete examples of his non-violence tactics
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Gandhi's followers assembled and marched to the salt works of Dharasana and were beaten by native police in 1930. They refused to express retaliation or resistance Gandhi heard that his fellow Indian protestors had been sentenced to jail with labor and fines, he asked for a greater punishment.
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1) What is the definition of Fascism?
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Fascism is militant political movement that emphasizes loyalty to the state and obedience to its leader
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2) Describe one way in which fascism and communism are similar.
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Fascist and Communist societies are both ruled by a dictator.
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3) Describe two ways Hitler maintained power. Use concrete examples.
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One way that Hitler maintained power, he used press, radio, literature, painting, and film into propaganda tools. Another way he maintained power, he used Jews as scapegoats for all Germany's troubles since the war.
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4) Describe one reason why many people supported Hitler.
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Hitler provided security and firm leadership when American loans stopped and the German economy collapsed.
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5) What is the significance of Kristallnacht?
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The significance of Kristallnacht was that it signaled the real start of the process of eliminating the Jews from German life.
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6) How did Hitler maintain control of one's BODY?
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Hitler maintained control of one's body by enforcing laws and punishments, controlled decisions about natural resources, and beat and killed opponents through police
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7) How did Hitler maintain control of one's MIND?
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Hitler maintained control of one's mind though propaganda, censorship, and indoctrination.
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8) How did Hitler maintain control of one's SPIRIT?
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Hitler maintained control of one's spirit by eliminating minorities, used a new flag, logo and symbols to represent Germany, and put value on the nation of individual identity.
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1) What was one motive for Mussolini's invasion of Ethiopia?
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One motive for Mussolini's invasion of Ethiopia was to gain territory Italy felt it deserved but was denied by the Treaty of Versailles.
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2) What was one motive and one method for Japan's invasion of China in the 1930s?
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One motive for Japan's invasion of China in the 1930's was that they believed they were superior and should dominate Asia. A method for this was using their industrialized weapons.
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3) What is one motive for Stalin's Holodomor (man-made famine)?
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One motive for Stalin's Holodomor was to kill Ukrainian farmers that resisted Stalin's effort to collectivize their farms.
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4) What is one method Stalin utilizes to enforce the Holodomor (man-made famine)?
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One method Stalin utilize to enforce the Holodomor was to have Stalin's police to take all of the food.
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5) Stage one of Hitler's methodology is DISCRIMINATION, explain one way he did so.
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One way Hitler used discrimination was by enforcing the Nuremberg Laws that removed citizenship of Jews.
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6) Stage two of Hitler's methodology is ISOLATION, explain one way he did so.
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One way Hitler used isolation was to segregate all jews into Ghettos.
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7) Stage three of Hitler's methodology is EXTERMINATION, explain one way he did so.
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One way Hitler used extermination was by implementing death camps, where people were killed by execution.
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4) According to the Munich Conference, what was the final decision in regards to the Sudetenland Crisis (Czechoslovakia).
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According to the Munich Conference, the final decision in regards to the Sudetenland Crisis was to agree to Hitler's commands, without consulting Czechoslovak leaders, in hopes that this would avoid a war in Europe.
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5) What is appeasement? And why did France and Great Britain follow this policy?
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Appeasement is the act of giving in to an enemy's demands in hopes of avoiding further conflict. The British and French followed this policy to avoid a war they could lose.
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6) What was the nonaggression pact?
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A nonaggression pact is an agreement that states two countries would never attack one another
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7) Which countries formed the Axis Powers? Which countries formed the Allied Powers?
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The countries that formed the Axis Powers were Germany, Italy, Japan, Hungary, Romania and Bulgaria The countries that formed the Allied Powers were U.S., Britain, France, and USSR.
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8) Which countries were present in the Munich Conference? Name three leaders.
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Countries that were present in the Munich Conference were England, France and Germany. Three leaders that were present in the Munich Conference were Chamberlain, Daladier, and Hitler.
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9) What was the program called that created the atomic bombs?
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The Manhattan Project was the program that created the atomic bombs.
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10) Which president was responsible for deciding to drop the atomic bomb?
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President Truman was responsible for deciding to drop the atomic bomb.
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11) What was the date (month, day and year) that the first bomb was dropped over Hiroshima?
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The date that the first bomb was dropped over Hiroshima was August 6, 1945
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12) What are the names of the bombs and the corresponding cities that they were dropped over? (Ex: the first bomb was called _________ over the city of_____)
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The first bomb was called "Little Boy" over the city of Hiroshima. The second bomb was called "Fat Man" over the city of Nagasaki.
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13) Who said this quote: "....'Now I am become Death, the destroyer of worlds.' I suppose we all thought that, one way or another." Hint: He was the mastermind behind the atomic bomb.
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Robert J. Oppenheimer said that quote.
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1) According to the Yalta conference, how did the leaders deal with Germany's refusal to surrender?
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According to the Yalta conference, the leaders dealt with Germany's refusal to surrender by
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6) Name at least two leaders present during the Potsdam Conference.
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Truman and Stalin were present during the Potsdam Conference.
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7) Which conference happened first in 1945 - Potsdam or Yalta?
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The Yalta conference happened first in 1945.
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1) According to 24 Hours After: Hiroshima, what is one reason why the United States dropped the atomic bomb on Hiroshima?
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One reason why the United States dropped the atomic bomb on Hiroshima because it has considerable military importance to Japan, housing a communication center and an assembly area for troops
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2) According to 24 Hours After: Hiroshima, the scientist says that if the skin becomes illuminated from the blast (light, heat and energy emitted), what does the skin turn into?
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According to the 24 Hours After: Hiroshima, the scientist says that if the skin become illuminated from the blast, the skin turns into carbon.
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3) According to 24 Hours After: Hiroshima, atomic shadows can be used as a tool to help scientist determine 2 things. Provide one.
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Atomic shadows can be used as a tool to help scientist determine the location of the explosion.
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4) According to 24 Hours After: Hiroshima, why is it more effective to drop an atomic bomb above ground?
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According to 24 Hours After: Hiroshima, it is more effective to drop an atomic bomb above ground because the primary shock and reflected shock combine to maximize destruction.
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5) According to 24 Hours After: Hiroshima, what happens when people are exposed to a lot of radiation? Because of this, what is one thing (aside from the unfortunate death) that happens internally?
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According to 24 Hours After: Hiroshima, people who are exposed to a lot of radiation have their DNA damaged, chromosome damage, cells stop dividing, which causes the immune system to fail, internal organs shut down, fetuses stop developing.
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6) According to 24 Hours After: Hiroshima, one of the individuals in the video said that the atomic bomb is not only a weapon of mass destruction, it's a weapon of mass genocide. Do you agree or disagree? Explain.
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I agree that it is a weapon of mass destruction, but depending on how you use it, it can be considered as a weapon of mass genocide. The weapon itself is indiscriminate of who or what it destroys, so unless you're specifically harming a group of people with the atomic bomb, it is just a weapon of mass destruction.
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1) How did the aftermath of the war in Europe differ from the aftermath of the war in Japan. Provide two examples.
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Europe: The aftermath in Europe differed from Japan because in Europe, people became displaced, and their agriculture decline. Japan: The aftermath in Japan differed from Europe because they became demilitarized and had their constitution changed.
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2) General Douglas MacArthur introduced three programs during the U.S. occupation of Japan. Discuss two of the three.
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General Douglas MacArthur introduced democratization, the process of creating a government elected by the people. He also introduced
