AP Euro Unit 7 – Flashcards
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When did most of the 'isms' originate?
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the enlightenment
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Romanticism
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- mostly literature + arts (cultural moment) - reaction/opposition to enlightenment - imagination, emphasis on originality + creativity - liked the middle ages - don't like rigidity of society and hierarchies - love of the unclassifiable - creative genius
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Examples of romantic greats
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Wordsworth, Lord Byron, Bronte, Victor Hugo, Mary Shelley
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Impact of industrial revolution
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- urbanization (mostly in middle of england) - powerful middle class emerging - bad conditions in cities - no mechanism for city gov';t
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Manchester School of Thought
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- laissez-faire economics: gov't should have as little involvement in economics as possible - fan base = bourgeoisie (urban middle class) - enlightenment idea - opposition to mercantalism
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Iron Law of Wages
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- you shouldn't expect to make more than bare minimum - working class kept at subsistence-level wages
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Thomas Malthus
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Manchester School of Thought - "on population": if not checked, population will exponentially rise at a faster rate than subsistence levels
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classic liberalism
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- want a written constitution (constitutional monarchy) - equal rights + liberties but not universal suffrage (only the educated can vote) - believe in laissez-faire economics - very different from todays liberals! - first liberals arose in Spain among opponents to Napoleonic occupation
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"preventative" vs "positive" checks
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preventative = when people make conscious decision not to have kids positive = natural disasters, man-made catastrophes
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Radicalism
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- arose in *England* - don't like revolution - think gradual change can happen, only if it ends in a republic - largely a working-class movement - less intensity in England than on the Continent
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Republicanism
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- arose in *France* - want change by revolution, tear everything down and create republic with no king - want male universal suffrage - much higher level of intensity + violence than in England - often joined together in secreat societies
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Socialism
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- republicanism bleeds into it - goods that create capital should be owned collectively not privately
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main difference between rad/repub and socialism?
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rad + repub think change should first come politically-- giving the working class the vote will ameliorate everything - socialists think change needs to come through economy
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Louis Blanc
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- French journalist/socialist - proposed system of "social workshops"
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Robert Owen
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socialist, cotton lord
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Saint Simonians
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Followers of Count de Saint-Simon - advocated the public ownership of industrial equipment and other capital, with control vested in the hands of great captains of industry or social engineers
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Fourier
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- subjected all social institutions to a sweeping condemnation wanted "phalansteries" - small units that had people all doing what they so inclined
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Where was the most significant form of socialism found before 1848?
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- movement stirring in working class of France - developed deep hostility to owning classes of bourgeoisie - spokesman = Louis Blanc
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Feminism
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- wanted to expand rights of women publicly + privately - "rights of man" exist for women too
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"egalitarian" feminists
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- stressed ways women and men shared use of reason and universal human rights
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English feminists
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- Philosophical radicals - followers of Robert Owen
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Harriet Taylor and John Stuart Mill
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- feminists
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French feminists
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- part of Saint-Simonian groups - better education for young women, reforms in property and divorce laws - most of them still stressed differences btwn men and women (not egalitarian feminists)
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George Sand
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most influential literary woman of 1840s
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What goals did nationalists have?
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- sovereign state representing a people; those speaking the same language, sharing traditions and customs
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Carbonari
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secret Italian society of nationalists - sometimes blended with Freemasonry
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Joseph Mazzini
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nationalist philosopher of western Europe (Italy) formed a society called "Young Italy" 1834- tried to start an uprising against Sardinia for unification
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volksgeist
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national spirit of Germany, idea created by Herder
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both east + western nationalists are...
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- romantic - revolutionary - want countries that aren't yet in existence
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who is mostly against nationalism?
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people in charge --monarchs, kings, emperors - Metternich = prime example
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Germany in early 1800s
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- Confederation - two big states = Austria and Prussia - Austria wants to keep things exactly the same
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dialectic
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created by Hegel - universal concept to explain time - sees it as unfolding in a predictable way - history is unfolding in opposing viewpoints (thesis, antithesis, synthesis)
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what is preventing Italy from unification in early 1800s?
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Pope + Austria
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Leopold von Ranke
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German, founded "scientific" history - Germans had a mission from God to develope a different system from France, one that is pure
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slavophilism
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Russia's version of German Volksgeist
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Friedrich List
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thought political economic system in England worked only for England - founder of historical/institutional school of economics
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main nationalists in eastern Europe?
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Poles + Magyars
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Slavic Revival
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slavs go nationalist
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conservatism
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remained strong in Eastern Europe
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Edmund Burke
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basis for conservatism - every people must change its institutions by gradual adaption
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humanitarianism
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growing in Eastern Europe - people moved by the misery of the poor and slaves
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What state is the forefront of resistance to nationalism?
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AUSTRIA!! - threatened by the movement - have unique position + ability to stop nationalism
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Louis XVIII
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- very conservative, but not forceful w/ counter-revolution - creates a constitution, grants civil liberties for French
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"white terror"
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young children of emigres attack republicans and Bonapartists - crushed by Louis XVIII
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Charles X
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- *very* conservative - replaces Louis XVIII after death - so conservative that he causes a reaction of revolutionaries
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England after 1815
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- landed aristocracy becomes more conservative - Tories running the show in gov't
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Corn Law
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places high tariffs on grain so British buy British bread - opposite of laissez faire- business owners get angry
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Peterloo massacre
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people complaining about Corn Law, prices, etc. - gov't sends in troops + kills demonstrators
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Poland- 1815
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Alexander is king - constitution and limited freedoms allowed - nationalism emerging (secret societies of nationalists --> repression)
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Carlsbad Decrees
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dissolved student groups + censored any ideas about nationalism
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Six Acts
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conservatives crack down - censorship - use stamp act to limit cheap newspapers, allow search of private houses, no demonstrations allowed
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Why are French on brink of revolt in 1815?
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Charles X - trying to revert back to gov't similar to Old Regime 1824- paid annuities to emigres, gave them money for lost land - trying to be absolutists - gives education system back to church!!!4
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Four Ordinances
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France - censorship of press, aristocrats only have vote, dissolves chamber
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Congress of Aix - la Chapelle
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1818, international coalition that is anti-revolutionary - France + England = intervene only if necessary - Prussia + Austria + Russia = intervene right away
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What happens to French gov't after Charles X is deposed?
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- temporary provisional gov't set up
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Congress of Troppau
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1820 - revolution in Spain + Naples collapsed corrupt gov'ts *Protocol of Troppau* - recognize idea of collective security
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Congress of Verona
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1822 - agreed to send French army to Spain, where constitutionalists, liberals + revolutionaries were crushed
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Ypsilanti
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- led force into Rumania in a Grecophilic movement - Russian Greek
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Lafayette
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- really old French guy - figurehead for French comes up w/ idea of Duke of Orleans - has Bourbon blood line for legitimacy - was a revolutionary too -- COMPROMISE!
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End of Congress System
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after Congress of Verona - represented *old* status quo, unable to accommodate to new realities
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Decembrist revolt
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1825, Alexander I dies - secret society of young officers (influences by revolutionary ideals) rebelled in support of liberal successors - Nicholas I Romanov took power instead
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Tories in England - post 1815
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- moving toward liberalism, but still conservative what didn't change? - Corn Laws - reformation of House of Commons changes? - freer trade - religious toleration - reduction of capital punishment
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Reform Acts in 1829 England
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Test Act revoked, Navigation act reformed - reduce some tariffs
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1830s England
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- challenge to reform House of Commons - riots breaking out against Tories because they are unwilling to change - Whigs win the next election!!!!!!!
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1832 Reform Act
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readjusting boundaries where population has increased in England - middle (upper) class still gets vote
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1833 English reforms
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- slavery abolished in British colonies - Factory Act - first to have enforceable child labour laws - kids under 9 can't be in mills + enforcement
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repercussions of Factory Act (England)?
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- factory owners/business owners don't like it b/c it is tampering w/ laissez faire - promoted by conservatives - revenge for liberals who passed the reform bill of 1832 - wanted support from factory workers
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1834+5 reforms in England
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- Poor Laws - required labour, poor had to live in poor houses - new poor houses are so bad that it motivates one to find work - *humiliating* - modernized municipal structure
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Why do Tories finally revoke the Corn Act?
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Irish Famine!!! 1846
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"stake in society"
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- bourgeoisie is in control economically - want more political power - concerned that proletariat will get vote - people w/ a stake in society have *a lot to lose*
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Chartists
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English - want secure universal male suffrage - secret ballot - yearly parliament - fair representations - salaries for MPs - no landed requirements for House of Commons
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Anti-Corn Law League
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formed 1838, made of industrialists + workers against Tory land-owners
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what group was in power directly following the July Revolution in France?
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bourgeoisie, not the republicans
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Revolutions of 1830
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Poland, Belgium, Italy - all crushed, all sparked by Paris insurrection
