question

Abuse

answer

maltreatment that includes physical abuse, sexual abuse, and psychological or emotional abuse

question

Accommodation

answer

a Piagetian term for mental adaptation to one's environment by reconciling differences of experiences

question

Accountability

answer

making schools and teachers responsible for student learning or achievement outcomes

question

Achieved Status

answer

social class, rank, or position determined by education, occupation, income, and/or place of residence

question

Achievement Motivation

answer

the motivation to achieve mastery of challenging tasks

question

Adaptation

answer

the modification of an organism or its behavior to make it more fit for existence under the conditions of its environment

question

Advocacy

answer

speaking or writing in support of a person, a group, or a cause

question

Affective

answer

having to do with feelings or emotions

question

Aggression

answer

unprovoked attack, fight, or quarrel

question

Alcoholism

answer

a chronic, progressive, and potentially fatal disease characterized by excessive tolerance for alcohol and by physical dependence and/or pathologic organ changes

question

Altruism

answer

Actions that are intended to help or benefit another person or group of people without the actor's anticipation of external rewards

question

Antisocial Behavior

answer

any behavior that harms other people, such as aggression, violence, and crime

question

Apprenticeship

answer

a process in which a novice is guided by an expert to participate in and master tasks

question

Ascribed Status

answer

social class, rank, or position determined by family lineage, gender, birth order, or skin color

question

Assimilation

answer

a Piagetian term for mental adaptation to one's environment by incorporating experiences

question

Assumptive Reality

answer

a theory about reality assumed to be true without examining or evaluating contradictory data

question

Attachment

answer

an affectional tie that one person forms to another person, binding them together in space and enduring over time

question

Attitude

answer

tendencies to respond positively (favorably) or negatively (unfavorably) to certain persons, objects, or situations

question

Attributions

answer

explanations for one's performance on a task

question

Authentic Assessment

answer

evaluation based on real performance, rather than test performance, showing mastery of a task

question

Authoritarian Parenting

answer

of parenting styles, parent-centered parenting characterized by unquestioning obedience to authority

question

Authoritative Parenting

answer

of parenting styles, democratic parenting in which authority is based on competence or expertise

question

Autocracy

answer

a society in which one person has unlimited power over others

question

Autonomous Mortality

answer

Piaget's stage of moral development in which children realize that rules are arbitrary agreements that can be changed by those who have to follow them

question

Behavior

answer

what one does or how one acts in response to a stimulus

question

Behaviorism

answer

the theory that observed behavior, rather than what exists in the mind, provides the only valid data for psychology

question

Binuclear Family

answer

family pattern in which children are part of two homes and two family groups

question

Bioecological

answer

refers to the role organisms play in shaping their environment over time

question

Bullying

answer

aggressive behavior intended to cause harm or distress that occurs repeatedly over time in an unbalanced relationship of power or strength

question

Caldecott Medal

answer

award given yearly for the most distinguished picture book for children

question

Care Moral Perspective

answer

views people in terms of their connectedness with others; others' welfare is intrinsically connected to one's own

question

Charter School

answer

a school, which is authorized and funded by a public school district, formed by a group of parents, teachers, or other community members with a shared educational philosophy

question

Child Advocacy

answer

the process of sensitizing individuals and groups to the unmet needs of children and to society's obligation to provide a positive response to those needs

question

Chronosystem

answer

temporal changes in ecological systems or within individuals, producing new conditions that affect development

question

Classism

answer

the differential treatment of people because of their class background and the reinforcing of those differences through values and practices of societal institutions

question

Cliques

answer

friends who view themselves as mutually connected and do things together

question

Cognitive Conceit

answer

Elkind's term for children in Piaget's stage of concrete operations who put too much faith in their reasoning ability and cleverness

question

Cognitively Oriented Curriculum

answer

a curriculum that attempts to blend the virtues of purposeful teaching with open-ended, child-initiated activities

question

Collaborative Leadership

answer

working together and sharing responsibility for a task

question

Collectivism

answer

emphasis on interdependent relations, social responsibilities, and the well-being of the group

question

Community

answer

a group of people sharing fellowship and common interests; a group of people living in the same geographic area who are bound together politically and economically

question

Community Ecology

answer

the psychological and practical relationships between humans and their social, as well as physical, environment

question

Competence

answer

refers to a pattern of effective adaptation to one's environment; it involves behavior that is socially responsible, independent, friendly, cooperative, dominant, and achievement-oriented

question

Competitive Goal Structure

answer

students working against each other to achieve goals that only a few students can attain

question

Concrete Operations

answer

the third stage in Piaget's theory of cognitive development (ages 7-11), in which the child can apply logical, systematic principles to specific experiences, but cannot distinguish between assumptions of hypotheses and facts or reality

question

Contagion

answer

the phenomenon in which an individual exposed to a suggestion will act on it

question

Conventional Level

answer

Kohlberg's stages of moral reasoning in which the individual can look beyond personal consequences and consider others' perspectives

question

Cooperative Goal Structure

answer

students working together to accomplish a shared goal

question

Crowds

answer

loosely organized reference groups of cliques

question

Cultural Assimilation

answer

the process whereby a minority (subordinate) cultural group takes on the characteristics of the majority (dominant) cultural group

question

Cultural Pluralism

answer

mutual appreciation and understanding of various cultures and coexistence in society of different languages, religious beliefs, and lifestyles

question

Culture

answer

the learned, or acquired, behavior, including knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, customs, and traditions, that is characteristic of the social environment in which an individual grows up

question

Curriculum

answer

the goals and objections of an educational program, the teacher's role, the equipment and materials, the space arrangement, the kinds of activities, and the way they are scheduled

question

Deductive Reasoning

answer

reasoning from a general principle to a specific case, or from a premise to a logical conclusion

question

Democracy

answer

a society in which those ruled have equal power with those who rule

question

Demographics

answer

statistical characteristics of human populations, such as age, income, and race

question

Desensitization

answer

the gradual reduction in response to a stimulus after repeated exposure

question

Developmentally Appropriateness

answer

a curriculum that involves understanding children's normal growth patterns and individual differences

question

Developmental Interaction Curriculum

answer

a curriculum that is individualized in relation to each child's stage of development while providing many opportunities for children to interact with peers and adults

question

Developmental Task

answer

a task that lies between an individual need and a societal demand

question

Direct Instruction Curriculum

answer

a curriculum based on behaviorist principles

question

Disability

answer

reduction in the functioning of a particular body part or organ, or its absense

question

Discipline

answer

involves punishment, correction, and training to develop self-control

question

Ecology

answer

the science of interrelationships between organisms and their environments

question

Economics

answer

the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services

question

Egalitarian Family

answer

family in which both sides of the extended family are regarded as equal

question

Egocentrism

answer

the cognitive inability to look at the world from any point of view other than one's own

question

Empowerment

answer

enabling individuals to have control over resources affecting them

question

Equilibrium

answer

a Piagetian term for the state of balance between assimilation and accommodation, thereby allowing knowledge to be incorporated

question

Ethnicity

answer

an ascribed attribute of membership in a group in which members identify themselves by national origin, culture, race, or religon

question

Exosystem

answer

settings in which children do not actually participate, but which affect them in one of their microsystems (for example, parents' jobs, the school board, the city council)

question

Experience-Dependent

answer

the neural connections that develop in response to experience

question

Experience-Expectant

answer

the neural connections that develop under genetic influence, independent of experience, activity, or stimulation

question

Extended Day Care

answer

nonparental care provided for children before or after school hours or during vacations

question

Extended Family

answer

relatives of the nuclear family who are economically and emotionally dependent on eachother

question

External Locus of Control

answer

perception that others or outside forces are responsible for one's fate

question

Extinction

answer

the gradual disappearance of a learned behavior following the removal of the reinforcement

question

Family

answer

any two or more related people living in one household

question

Family of Orientation

answer

the family into which one is born

question

Family of Procreation

answer

the family that develops when one marries and has children

question

Feedback

answer

evaluative information, both positive and negative, about one's behavior

question

Fixation

answer

a Freudian term referring to arrested development

question

Formal Operations

answer

the fourth stage in Piaget's theory of cognitive development (ages 11 and up), in which the child can think logically about abstract ideas and hypotheses as well as concrete facts

question

Gang

answer

a group of people who form an alliance for a common purpose and engage in unlawful or criminal activity

question

Gemeinschaft

answer

communal, cooperative, close, intimate, and informal interpersonal relationships

question

Gender Identity

answer

refers to a person's internal sense of being male, female, or something else

question

Gender Roles

answer

the qualities that an individual understands to characterize males and females in his or her culture

question

Generativity

answer

interest in establishing and guiding the next generation

question

Genotype

answer

the total composite of hereditary instructions coded in the genes at the moment of conception

question

Gesellschaft

answer

associative, practical, objective, and formal interpersonal relationships

question

Goodness-of-Fit

answer

accommodation of parenting styles to children's temperaments

question

Guidance

answer

involves direction, demonstration, supervision, and influence

question

Handicap

answer

something that hampers a person; a disadvantage, a hindrance

question

Handicapism

answer

assumptions and practices that promote the deferential and unequal treatment of people because they are different physically, mentally, or behaviorally

question

Heteronomous Mortality

answer

Piaget's stage of moral development in which children think of rules as moral absolutes that cannot be changed

question

High-Context Macrosystem

answer

culture generally characterized by intuitiveness, emotionality, cooperation, group identity, and tradition

question

Human Ecology

answer

the biological, psychological, social, and cultural contexts in which a developing person interacts and the consequent processes that develop over time

question

Humanism

answer

a system of beliefs concerned with the interests and ideals of humans rather than of the natural or spiritual world

question

Ideology

answer

concepts about human life and behavior

question

Imaginary Audience

answer

the beliefs that others are as concerned with one's behavior and appearance as one is oneself

question

Impairment

answer

physical damage or deterioration

question

Incest

answer

sexual relations between persons closely related

question

Inclusion

answer

the educational philosophy that all children are entitled to participate fully in their school and community

question

Individualism

answer

emphasis on individual fulfillment and choice

question

Individualized Education Program (IEP)

answer

a form of communication between school and family, developed by the group of people (teacher, parent, and other involved personnel) responsible for the education of a child with special needs

question

Individualized Goal Structure

answer

one student's achievement of the goal is unrelated to other students' achievement of that goal

question

Inductive Reasoning

answer

reasoning from particular facts or individual cases to a general conclusion

question

Information Processing

answer

the way an individual attends to, perceives, interprets, remembers, and acts on events or situations

question

Intentional Teaching

answer

teachers act with specific outcomes or goals in mind for children's learning and development

question

Internal Locus of Control

answer

perception that one is responsible for one's own fate

question

Justice Moral Perspective

answer

emphasizes the rights of the individual; when individual rights conflict, equitable rules of justice must prevail

question

Laissez-Faire

answer

a policy of letting people do as they please; permissive

question

Latchkey Children

answer

children who carry their own key and let themselves into their home

question

Learned-Helpless Orientation

answer

the perception, acquired through negative experiences, that effort has no affect on outcomes

question

Learner-Directed Curriculum

answer

a curriculum in which the learning activities emerge from individual interests and teacher guidance

question

Learning Style

answer

a consistent pattern of behavior and performance by which an individual approaches educational experiences

question

Literacy

answer

being able to communicate through reading and writing

question

Locus of Control

answer

one's attribution of performance, or perception of responsibility for success or failure; may be internal or external

question

Low-Context Macrosystem

answer

culture generally characterized by rationality, practicality, competition, individuality, and progress

question

Macrosystem

answer

the society and subculture to which the developing person belongs, with particular reference to the belief systems, lifestyles, patterns of social interaction, and life changes

question

Magnet School

answer

a public school that offers special educational programs, such as science, music, or performing arts, and draws students from different neighborhoods by choice

question

Maltreatment

answer

intentional harm to or endangerment of a child

question

Marriage

answer

a legal contract with certain rights and obligations

question

Mass Media

answer

newspapers, magazines, books, radio, television, movies, videos, and other means of communication that reach large audiences via an impersonal medium between the sender and the receiver

question

Mastery Motivation

answer

the inborn motive to explore, understand, and control one's environment

question

Matriarchal Family

answer

family in which the mother has formal authority and dominance

question

Maturation

answer

developmental changes associated with the biological process of aging

question

Melting Pot

answer

the idea that society should socialize diverse groups to blend into a common culture

question

Mesosystem

answer

linkages and interrelationships between two or more of a person's microsystems (for example, home and school, school and community)

question

Microsystem

answer

activities and relationships with significant others experienced by a developing person in a particular small setting such as family, school, peer group, or community

question

Modeling

answer

a form of imitative learning that occurs by observing another person (the model) perform a behavior and experience its consequence

question

Modern Society

answer

a society that looks to the present for ways to behave and is thus responsive to change

question

Montessori Curriculum

answer

a curriculum based on individual self-directed learning with the teacher as facilitator; materials provide exercises in daily living, sensory development, and academic development

question

Mortality of Constraint

answer

behavior based on respect for persons in authority

question

Mortality of Cooperation

answer

behavior based on mutual understanding between equals

question

Morals

answer

an individual's evaluation of what is right and wrong

question

Motives

answer

needs or emotions that cause a person to act

question

Negative Reinforcement

answer

the termination of an unpleasant condition following a desired response

question

Neglect

answer

maltreatment involving abandonment, lack of supervision, improper feeding, lack of adequate medical or dental care, inappropriate dress, uncleanliness, and lack of safety

question

Newberry Medal

answer

award given yearly for the most distinguished contribution to American literature for children

question

Nonparental Child Care (Day Care)

answer

the care given to children by persons other than parents during the parts of the day that parents are absent

question

Norms

answer

rules, patterns, or standards that express cultural values and reflect how individuals are supposed to behave

question

Nuclear Family

answer

a family consisting of a husband and wife and their children

question

Operant

answer

producing an effect

question

Operational Definition

answer

contains terms that are identifiable and can be researched

question

Parenting

answer

the implementation of a series of decisions about the socialization of children

question

Patriarchal Family

answer

family in which the father has formal dominance and authority

question

Peers

answer

individuals who are of approximately the same gender, age, and social status and who share interests

question

Perception

answer

a biological construct that involves interpretation of stimuli from the brain

question

Permissive Parenting

answer

of parenting styles, child-centered parenting characterized by a lack of directives or authority

question

Personal Agency

answer

the realization that one's actions cause outcomes

question

Physical Abuse

answer

maltreatment involving deliberate harm to the child's body

question

Play

answer

behavior enjoyed for its own sake

question

Political Ideology

answer

theories pertaining to government

question

Positive Reinforcement

answer

a reward, or pleasant consequence, given for desired behavior

question

Postconventional Level

answer

Kohlberg's stages of moral reasoning in which the individual considers and weighs the values behind various consequences from various points of view

question

Preconventional Level

answer

Kohlberg's stages of moral reasoning in which the individual considers and weighs the values behind various consequences from various points of view

question

Prejudice

answer

an attitude involving prejudgement; the application of a previously formed judgement to some person, object, or situation

question

Preoperational

answer

the second stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development (ages 2-7), in which children use symbols to represent objects, makes judgements based on appearances, and believes that everyone shares their viewpoint

question

Preventive Services

answer

programs that seek to lessen the stresses and strains of life resulting from social and technological changes and to avert problems

question

Prosocial Behavior

answer

behavior that benefits other people, such as altruism, sharing, and cooperation

question

Protestant Ethic

answer

belief in individualism, thrift, self-sacrifice, efficiency, personal responsibility, and productivity

question

Psychological or Emotional Abuse

answer

maltreatment involving a destructive pattern of continual attack by an adult on a child's development of self and social competence, including rejecting, isolating, terrorizing, ignoring, and corrupting

question

Punishment

answer

physically or psychologically aversive stimuli or the temporary withdrawal of pleasant stimuli when undesirable behavior occurs

question

Reality Testing

answer

testing assumptions against facts

question

Reasoning

answer

giving explanations or causes for an act

question

Rehabilitative Services

answer

programs that enable or restore people's ability to participate in the community

question

Reinforcement

answer

an object or event that is presented following a behavior and that serves to increase the likelihood that the behavior will occur again

question

Religion

answer

a unified system of beliefs and practices relative to sacred things

question

Resilience

answer

the ability to withstand and rebound from crisis or persistent challenges

question

Risk

answer

endangerment; vulnerability to negative developmental outcomes

question

Rites of Passage

answer

rituals that signify changes in individuals' status as they move through the cycle of life

question

Ritual

answer

a ceremonial observation of a prescribed rule or custom

question

Routines

answer

repetitive acts or established procedures

question

School Voucher

answer

a certificate issued by the federal government in the amount the local school district would normally spend on a given child's education at his or her assigned public school, which parents can apply toward tuition at a private school or use for reimbursement of home schooling expenses

question

Selective Attention

answer

choosing stimuli from one's environment to notice, observe, and consider

question

Self-Concept

answer

an individual's perception of his or her identity as distinct from others

question

Self-Efficacy

answer

the belief that one can master a situation and produce positive outcomes

question

Self-Esteem

answer

the value one places on one's identity

question

Self-Regulation

answer

the ability to control one's impulses, behavior, and/or emotions until an appropriate time, place, or object is available for expression

question

Sensorimotor

answer

the first stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development (ages 1 1/2-2), in which the child uses senses and motor abilities to interact with the environment and understands only the here and now

question

Sex Typing

answer

classification into gender roles based on biological sex

question

Sexual Abuse

answer

maltreatment in which one person forces, tricks, or threatens a child in order to have sexual contact with him or her

question

Shaping

answer

the systematic, immediate reinforcement of successive approximations of the desired behavior until the desired behavior occurs and is maintained

question

Social Capital

answer

term referring to individual and communal time and energy (human resources) available for such things as social networking, personal recreation, community improvement, civic engagement, and other activities that create social bounds between individuals and groups

question

Social Cognition

answer

conceptions and reasoning about people, the self, relations between people, social groups' roles and rules, and the relation of such conceptions to social behavior

question

Social Competence

answer

behavior informed by an understanding of others' feeling and intentions, the ability to respond appropriately, and knowledge of the consequences of one's actions

question

Social Support

answer

resources (tangible, intellectual, social, emotional) provided by others in times of need

question

Socialization

answer

the process by which individuals acquire the knowledge, skills, and character traits that enable them to participate as effective members of groups and society

question

Society

answer

a community, nation, or broad grouping of people having common traditions, institutions, and collective activities and interests

question

Sociocentrism

answer

the ability to understand and relate to the views and perspectives of others

question

Socioeconomic Status

answer

rank or position within a society, based on social and economic factors

question

Sociometry

answer

techniques used to measure patterns of acceptance, neglect, and rejection among members of a group

question

Sociotherapy

answer

an intervention to help children who have trouble making and keeping friends learn to relate to others

question

Standard

answer

a level or grades of excellence regarded as a goal or a measure of adequacy

question

Standardized Tests

answer

tests in which an individual is compared to a norm on scientifically selected items

question

Stereotype

answer

an oversimplified representation of members of a particular group

question

Stress

answer

any demand that exceeds a person's ability to cope

question

Supportive Services

answer

programs that maintain the health, education, and welfare of the community

question

Symbols

answer

acts or objects that have come to be generally accepted as standing for something else

question

Tabula Rasa

answer

the mind before impressions are recorded on it by experience; a blank slate

question

Teacher-Directed Curriculum

answer

a curriculum in which the learning activities are planned by the teacher for all the children

question

Temperament

answer

the innate characteristics that determine an individual's sensitivity to various experiences and responsiveness to patterns of social interaction

question

Theory

answer

an organized set of statements that explains observations, integrates different facts or events, and predicts future outcomes

question

Tools of the Mind Curriculum

answer

a curriculum based on Vygotsky's sociocultural theory of learning and Gardner's theory of five minds for the future

question

Tradition

answer

customs, stories, and beliefs handed down from generation to generation

question

Traditional Society

answer

a society that relies on customs handed down from past generations as ways to behave

question

Transductive Reasoning

answer

reasoning from one particular fact or case to another similar fact or case

question

Transgender

answer

an umbrella term for individuals whose gender identity or gender expression and behavior does not conform to that typically associated with the sex to which they were assigned at birth

question

Uninvolved Parenting

answer

an insensitive, indifferent parenting style with few demands or rules

question

Values

answer

qualities or beliefs that are viewed as desirable or important

question

Values Clarification

answer

the process of discovering what is personally worthwhile or desirable in life

question

Violence

answer

behaviors that intentionally threaten, attempt, or inflict harm on others

question

Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)

answer

Vygotsky's term for the space between what a learner can do independently and what he or she can do while participating with more capable others

Abuse, Accommodation, Accountability & Achieved Status

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