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A course in the history of psychology is useful because

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it helps us to understand why modern psychology has so many different movements, it helps to integrate the areas and issues that constitute modern psychology, it provides a fascinating story on its own

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The feature of modern psychology that distinguishes it from its antecedents is its

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methodology

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In contrast to the events that are studied in science, historical events cannot be

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repeated

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At least one of Freud's biographers downplayed the extent of Freud's cocaine use. This is an example of a

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misrepresentation intended to protect Freud's reputation

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To guard against self-serving data and to assess the truth of a person's recollections and reports of events in the history of psychology, the historian should, whenever possible,

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collect data from other observers

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The term "Zeitgeist" refers to

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the intellectual and cultural climate of the times

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According to the text, psychology as a discipline has

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engaged in the discriminatory practices that mark American culture as a whole

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"The man makes the times," reflects which view of history?

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personalistic

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In the first years of psychology's emergence as a new discipline, which man determined its direction?

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Wilhelm Wundt

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A school of thought emerges whenever

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a group shares a theoretical orientation and investigates similar problems

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The Zeitgeist of the 17th- to 19th-century Europe and of the United States was marked by

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mechanism

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What invention was considered the perfect metaphor for the "spirit of mechanism"?

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clock

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the pursuit of knowledge through the observation of nature and the attribution of all knowledge to experience is

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empiricism

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Descartes was significant to psychology as a science because he helped liberate

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science from the stranglehold of theology

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Before Descartes, the accepted point of view was that the interaction between mind and body was essentially unidirectional, that

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the mind influenced the body

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Which of the following is an example of an innate idea?

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infinity

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In eyewitness testimony, one swears that what one has observed accurately depicts reality. Because this "fact" has not been determined through the methods of science, it does not meet Comtes' strictest application of

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positivism

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John Locke disagreed with the doctrine of innate ideas. According to Locke,

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the mind is a blank slate at birth; therefore, there are no innate ideas

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"If a tree falls in the forest and no one is present to hear it, a sound will still occur because God is the permanent perceiver of all objects in the universe." This argument illustrates the position of

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Berkeley

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Complex ideas formed from simple ideas take on new qualities. This is a definition of

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John Stuart Mill's creative synthesis

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the practice of psychosurgery such as prefrontal lobotomies, has its roots in the

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extirpation method

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In modern medicine, the cause of a person's dementia typically cannot be determined until autopsy. Thus, ______ clinical research method continues to be of significance in medicine and psychology.

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Broca's

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_____ discovered, among other things, that the brain had both white and gray matter, and that fibers connect the two halves of the brain.

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Gall

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The representation of the nervous system as a complex switching system reveals the 19th-century reliance on

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mechanism

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German universities were especially fertile ground for scientific advances because

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there was academic freedom for students and faculty alike

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With regard to the speed of the nerve impulse, perhaps the most important conclusion of Helmholtz's research for psychology was the determination that

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thought and movement are not simultaneous

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Weber's Law, the formulation of how much change in a stimulus is required for a subject to detect it, rests on the measurement of the

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just noticeable difference

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The point of sensitivity below which no sensation can be detected and above which sensation can be experienced is a definition of the

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absolute threshold

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Gall created ______, which proposed that the topography of a person's skull revealed his or her intellectual and emotional characteristics.

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phrenology

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The point of sensitivity at which the least amount of change in a stimulus gives rise to a change in a sensation is a definition of

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the differential threshold

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Determinism

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acts are determined by/caused by past events

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Reductionism

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reduce complex phenomenon into its basic components and it can be explained by them

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Berkeley believed that perception was the

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only reality

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Berkeley thought that all knowledge depends on the

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perceiving person

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Berkeley suggested that ____ was the permanent receiver

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God

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Theory of Association

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all knowledge is constructed from simple ideas that are held together through associations

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Berkeley was inspired by which theory?

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theory of association

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Berkeley thought that depth perception was a result of ____ ____.

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repeated associations

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mechanism

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idea that all natural processes can be explained by the laws of physics and chemistry

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Locke believed that all knowledge was derived through __ ___ and that nothing is ___

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sensory experience, innate

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simple ideas

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arise from sensations and reflections, cannot be reduced

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sensations

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result of direct sensory inputs

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reflections

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result of our interpretations of the sensations that we experience

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complex ideas

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created through combining simple ideas, can be analyzed and reduced

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objects and our sensation of objects have two types of qualities, they are

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primary and secondary

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primary qualities

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considered to be objective, exist independently of being perceived

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example of primary qualities

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the size and shape of an object

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secondary qualities

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more subjective, exist in our perception of the object

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What problem was contributed to Descartes?

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mind body problem

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Descarates was the

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forerunner of modern psychology and empiricism

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ideas that are produced by the direct application of an external stimulus, products of the experiences of our senses

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derived ideas

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arise from our mind/consciousness, independent of our sensory experiences

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innate ideas

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phrenology

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localizing specific psychological faculties (certain parts of our personality) in specific regions of the brain, which are reflected in specific bumps and indentations of the skull

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in phrenology, a bump in the head is a __ trait

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strong

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in phrenology, an indentation in the head is a __ trait

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weak

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phrenology was popular among ___ but dismissed by ___

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the public, scientists

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Who created phrenology?

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Gall

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Who created the two point threshold?

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Weber

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two point threshold

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distance between two points that must be spanned before a person reports feeling 2 distinct sensations

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who created the just noticeable difference?

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Weber

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just noticeable difference

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smallest difference that can be detected between two physical stimuli

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What was Helmholtz known for?

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measuring the speed of a neural impulse

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What was the conduction speed of a neural impulse?

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90 feet per second

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what distinguished psychology from early philosophy?

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techniques and approaches, speculation, intuition, and anecdotal reasoning vs. careful, controlled observation and experimentation

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personalistic theory

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historical progress and change are attributable to the ideas of unique individuals, "person makes the times"

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naturalistic theory

answer

historical progress and change are attributable to the Zeitgeist , "times make the person"

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