School Age Children and Adolescents (20-Q’s) – Flashcards
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What age is considered "school-age"?
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Age 6-12
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When does the school age physiologically begin and end?
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Begins with the shedding of the first deciduous teeth and ends at puberty with the acquisition of the final permanent teeth
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What does the "school-age" period consist of?
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Gradual growth and development along with progress in physical and emotional maturity
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Physical development of the school age child?
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-Height increases 2 in per year -Weight increases by 2-3 kg per year -Bladder capacity increases (better in girls) -Heart is smaller in relation to rest of body -Immune system is increasingly effective -Bones increase in ossification -Permanent teeth erupt
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Does the physical maturity of the school age child correlate with emotional and social maturity?
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-Not necessarily
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What is the prepubescence (preadolescence) period?
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-Onset of physiologic changes, defined as 2 years preceding puberty -Rapid growth in height and weight -Occurs around ages 9-12 -Girls hit this period about 2 years earlier than boys -Average age of puberty is 12 in girls and 14 in boys (after school-age) -Differences in rate of growth and maturation between boys and girls becomes apparent
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According to Erikson's Theory of Pscyhosocial Development, what stage are school-age children in?
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-Industry vs. Inferiority
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For school age children, what is industry according to Erikson?
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-Eager to develop skills and participate in meaningful and socially useful work -Gain ability to work with and compete with others -Growing sense of independence -Peer approval is a strong motivator -"Change the World" -Motivated to complete tasks -Should be challenged with tasks to be accomplished
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For school age children, what is inferiority according to Erikson?
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-Feeling deprived from self or social environment -May occur if incapable or unprepared to assume responsibilities associated with a sense of accomplishment -All children feel some degree of inferiority regarding skills they cannot master -Teach children that not everyone will be able to achieve every skill
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According to Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development, what stage are school age children in?
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-Concrete Operations (7-11)
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What occurs during Piaget's stage of concrete operations?
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-Transition from perceptual thinking (aware of surrounding through senses) to conceptual thinking (able to make judgements based on reasoning, relying on previous learning) -Classify more complex information (able to solve problems) -Learn to tell time -Master conservation (physical matter does not appear/disappear by magic) -Able to see perspective of others
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What is the concept of conservation school age children master?
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-Conservation of mass understood first, followed by weight and then volume -Ex: Children know that 5 pennies close together and 5 pennies spread out is still only 5 pennies even though the spread out ones look like there are more
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According to Kohlberg's Moral Development what is the difference between early school-age and later school-age children?
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Early: -unable to see rationale for rules -judgment still guided by reward and punishment -may interpret accidents as punishment -believe what they think is wrong and what others say is right Later: -able to consider intentions of the act rather than only the consequences -can understand other points of view -treat others as they want to be treated
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Self-concept development during the school-age years?
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-Become consciously aware of a variety of self-perceptions (abilities, values, appearance) -Significant adults (coaches, teachers) become influential -Positive self concept leads to feelings of self-respect, self-confidence, and happiness -Parents continue to influence child's self-ideals but by middle childhood, the opinions of peers are more valuable
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Social development during the school-age years?
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-Importance of peer group increases each year with most associations being from school -Identification with peers is a strong influence in a child gaining independence from parents -Peer pressure begins -Bullying begins -Gender roles strongly influenced by peer relationships -Prefer same-sex friends with interest in the opposite sex toward the end of these years -Conformity becomes evident
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Relationship with family during the school age years?
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-Parents are the primary influence in shaping a child's personality, behavior, and value system -Increasing independence from parents is the primary goal of "middle childhood" -Children are not ready to totally abandon parental control
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Body image development during the school age years?
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-Solidification of body image occurs -Influenced by significant others -Generally they like their physical selfs less as they grow older -Increased awareness of "differences "may influence inferiority -More shy than preschoolers with emphasis on privacy -Curiosity about sexuality should be addressed
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Play during the school age years?
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-Competitive and cooperative play is predominant -Involves physical skill, intellectual ability, and fantasy -Children form groups, cliques, clubs, and secrete societies with rules -Knowing the rules in games they play promotes feelings of belongings -Enjoy team play -Quiet games and activities -Competition influences ego mastery
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Age appropriate activities for the school age child between the ages of 6-9?
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-Play simple board and number games -Play hopscotch -Jump rope -Collect rocks, stamps, cards, coins, stuffed animals -Ride bikes -Build simple models -Join organized sports
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Age appropriate activities for the school age child between the ages of 9-12?
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-Make crafts -Build models -Collect things/engage in hobbies -Solve jigsaw puzzles -Play board and card games -Join organized competitive sports
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Nutrition during the school age years?
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-Importance of a balanced, nutritious diet to promote growth -Quality of diet related to family's pattern of eating -Fast-food concerns (encourage low-fat) -Obesity is a growing concern
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What should parents be advised to do to promote the health of their school age children?
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-Don't use food as a reward -Emphasize physical activity -Ensure a balanced diet -Teach children to make healthy decisions -Avoid eating fast-food often -Avoid skipping meals -Model healthy behavior
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Sleep and rest during the school age years?
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-Average 9-1/5 hours of sleep a night but highly individualized (depends on age, activity level, and health status) -Ages 8/9 and 11 may resist going to bed -12 year olds and older generally are less resistant to bedtimes
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Physical activity during the school age years?
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-Exercise is essential for development and function -Importance of physical fitness -Sports pose a controversy regarding early participation and concerns with physical and emotional maturity of a competitive environment -Acquire skills -Like competition
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Dental health during the school age years?
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-Brush after meals and snacks and before bed -Floss -Get regular checkups -If needed, use fluoride treatments
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Injury prevention during the school age years?
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-Most common causes of severe injury and death is motor vehicle crashes (pedestrian and passenger) -Bicycle, rollerblading, skateboarding injuries (wear protective equipment and helmets) -Wear appropriate safety equipment for all sports -Firearms should be locked up -Teach children to swim -Use a seat belt and ride in the back seat (not in the bed of truck) -Teach children to say no to substance abuse
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What age is considered "adolescence" ?
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Age 12-20
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What is adolescence?
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-Complex interplay of biologic, cognitive, psychologic, and social change (perhaps more so than at any other time in life) -"Norms" influenced by cultural, social, and economic situations -Rapid change on multiple levels (biologic maturation, cognitive development, and psychologic development)
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Physiologic changes during the adolescent period?
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-Heart and blood volume increase -Systolic BP is stronger -Heart rate decreases -Respiratory vital capacity increases -Increase in BMR -Increased need for sleep
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What stage of Erikson's Theory of Psychosocial Development are adolescent children in?
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Identity vs. Role Confusion
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When does identity vs. role confusion occur and what does it consist of?
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-Occurs at ages 12-18 -Personal identify forms and they view themselves as unique individuals -Group identify greatly influences behavior (over time peers take center role in their life as they move away from parents) -If unable to establish new identity (separate from parents and group) they will experience confusion in their life role
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Sexual identity during the adolescent years?
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-Begins with close, same-sex friends during early adolescence, which sometimes involves experimentation driven by curiosity -Self-exploration occurs through masturbation -Transition from same-sex friends to intimate relationships with opposite sex during middle adolescence -In late adolescence, sexual identity is formed through integration of sexual experiences, feelings, and knowledge
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What stage of Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development are adolescents part of?
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Formal Operations (11-death)
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When does Piaget's formal operations begin and what does it mean?
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-Begins between ages 11-14 -Able to think through more complex issues (more than 2 categories of variables concurrently) -Capable of evaluating the quality of their own thinking -Able to maintain attention for longer periods -Increasingly capable of using format logic to make decisions -Think beyond current circumstance -Able to understand how the actions of an individual influence others
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What stage of Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development is adolescence in?
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Postconventional (12 and older)
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What is Kohlberg's postconventional stage?
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-Internalized ethical standards to base decisions on -Social responsibility -Able to evaluate two differing moral approaches (solve moral dilemma) *Conventional level of moral reasoning of older school age children and younger adolescents:* -Right and wrong according to rules -Attempt to act in a way that brings approval *Postconventional level of moral reasoning of middle adolescence:* -Absolutes are questioned -Views moral standards as subjective
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Spiritual Development of adolescents?
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-Late adolescents may reexamine and reevaluate their beliefs and values of their childhood
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Social environments and people that influence adolescence?
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-Families -Peers -School -Work -Others
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What are the stages of adolescence?
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Early: 11-14 -Influenced by the changes in puberty and responses to these changes Middle: 15-17 -Transition to peer orientation Late: 18-20 -Transition to adult roles
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Physiologic growth during puberty of adolescents?
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-Pubertal growth spurt -Final 20-25% of height is achieved -Up to 50% of ideal body weight during this time -Acne may appear -Girls stop growing at about 2-2.5 years after onset of menarche
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Biologic development during puberty of adolescents?
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Neuroendocrine events: --predictable --sequenced --hormonal and physical --universally occur
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In adolescent girls, sexual maturation occurs in what order?
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-Breast development -Pubic hair growth (sometimes before breast) -Axillary hair -Menstruation *Maturation is due to estrogen; development and release of ovum occurs and primary and secondary sex characteristics appear
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In adolescent males, sexual maturation occurs in what order?
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-Testicular enlargement -Pubic hair growth -Facial hair growth -Vocal changes *Maturation due to testosterone; primary and secondary sex characteristics and spermatogenesis (development of sperm) occurs
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What are the Tanner Stages of sexual maturation?
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-Assessment scale for tracking sexual maturation -5 stages -Age of changes varies -Begin assessment at age 10
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Self-concept development during adolescence?
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-View themselves in relation of similarities with peers during early adolescence -View themselves according to their unique characteristics as the years progress -Adolescent egocentrism -Self-absorption -Believe they are invincible
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Body-Image Changes during adolescence?
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-Base their own normality on comparison with peers -Image established during adolescence is retained through life
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Social development during adolescence?
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-Peer relationships develop and act as support system -Best friends are more stable and longer lasting -Parent-child relationship changes to allow a greater sense of independence
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Technology as a social environment today means?
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-Internet chatrooms and social networking sites have created "virtual" communities -Try out identities and interpersonal skills with a wider network of people -Anonymity is able to exist -Risks with this world
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Achievement during adolescence?
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-Development of motives, capabilities, interests, and behaviors -Progress toward occupational achievement -Relationship between social class and educational and occupational achievement
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Age appropriate activities during adolescence?
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-Nonviolent video games -Nonviolent music -Sports -Caring for a pet -Career training programs -Reading -Social events (going to movies, school dances)
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Nutrition during adolescence
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-Rapid growth and high metabolism require increases in quality nutrients -Both overeating and undereating present challenges and should be monitored -Yearly assessments should include height, weight, and BMI to identify nutritional issues
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Sleep and Rest during adolescence
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-Sleep habits change with puberty due to increased metabolism and rapid growth -Tend to stay up later, sleep later, and sleep more -During periods of growth they need more sleep
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Sexuality during adolescence
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-Provide accurate info -Emphasize abstinence and safe sex -Provide info about STI's and pregnancy -Promote atmosphere where they can ask questions
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Injury prevention during adolescence
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-Be aware of changes in mood and monitor for self harm (poor performance, lack of interest, isolation, disturbance in sleep or appetite, expression of suicide) -Avoid tanning beds -Encourage drivers education -Emphasize seat belt use -Teach dangers of cell phone use and DWI -Role model desired behavior -Monitor for substance abuse -Teach to say no to harmful substances
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Summary of Early Adolescence (11-14)
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*Cognitive* -Limited abstract thought -Comparisons of normality *Identity* -Preoccupied with body changes -Conformity to group norms and peer acceptance -Declining self-esteem *Parents* -Desire dependence on parent while trying to detach -No major conflicts over parent control *Peers* -Close idealized friendships with same sex -Seeks peer group affiliations *Sexuality* -Self-exploration
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Summary of Middle Adolescence (15-17)
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-Transition to dominant peer orientation -Music, technology, dress, appearance, language and behavior *Cognition* -Developing abstract thinking -Enjoys intellectual powers -Idealistic -Concerned with philosophical, political, and social problems *Identity* -Modifies body image -Self-centered -Able to perceive future implications of behavior and decisions but inconsistently applied *Parents* -Major conflicts over independence and control -Low point in parent-child relationship -Pushes for emancipation -Final and irreversible emotional detachment from parents; mourning *Peers* -Strong need to identify to affirm self image -Behavioral standards according to peers -Fear of rejection -Exploration of ability to attract the opposite sex -Social media *Sexuality* -Multiple plural relationships -Internal identification of heterosexual, homosexual, or bisexual -Feeling of "being in love"
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Summary of Late Adolescence (18-20)
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-Transition into adulthood -Taking on adult roles and relationships *Cognition* -Established abstract thought -Understands long range options *Identity* -Comfortable with physical growth and maturity -Gender role nearly secured -Improved self-esteem *Parents* -Emotional and physical separation completed -Independence with less conflict *Peers* -Individual friendships more important than peer groups -Testing intimate relationships toward permanence *Sexuality* -Stable relationships and attachments -May publicly declare sexuality
