Developmental Learning Theories Ch. 7-10 – Flashcards
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corpus callosum
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connects the two cerebral hemispheres
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Synaptic pruning
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Neurons that are seldom stimulated lose their connective fibers, and the number of synapses gradually declines.
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Growth hormone (GH)
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necessary for the development of all body tissues except the central nervous system and the genitals.
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Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
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prompts the thyroid gland to release thyroxine, necessary for normal brain development and for GH to have its full impact on body size.
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make-believe play
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review development and examples on page 226-227
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dual representation
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viewing a symbolic object as both an object in its own right and a symbol.
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Limitations in preoperational thinking
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egocentrism Lack of conservation lack of hierarchical classification
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What does Vygotsky's sociocultural theory stress?
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stresses the social context of cognitive development, in which rapid growth of language broadens preschoolers' participation in dialogues with more knowledgeable individuals within their culture.
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What did Vygotsky believe?
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language is the foundation for all higher cognitive processes, and that children speak to themselves for self-guidance.
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What happens in Vygotsky's view
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as children get older and tasks become easier, their self-directed speech is internalized as silent, inner speech.
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Where does Vygotsky believe that childrens learning takes place?
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the zone of proximal development
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the zone of proximal development
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range of tasks too difficult for the child to do alone but possible with the help of adults or more skilled peers.
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What must an adult do to make learning effective?
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engage in scaffolding, adjusting the support offered to fit the child's current level of performance.
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What did Vygotsky see as the ideal social context for fostering cognitive development?
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make-believe play
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memory—memory for everyday experiences
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The capacity to bind together stimuli supports an increasingly rich episodic memory
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scripts
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general descriptions of what occurs and when it occurs in a particular situation.
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Theory of mind
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a coherent set of ideas about mental activity. We use this to interpret our own and others' behavior
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metacognition
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"thinking about thought."
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emergent literacy
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Children's active efforts to construct literacy knowledge through informal experiences
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Phonological awareness
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the ability to reflect on and manipulate the sound structure of spoken language—is a strong predictor of emergent literacy knowledge.
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principle of cardinality
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the last number in a counting sequence indicates the quantity of items in the set. age 3 1/2 - 4
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child-centered programs
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teachers provide a wide variety of activities from which children select, and much learning occurs through play.
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academic programs
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teachers structure children's learning of specific academic skills through formal lessons, often using repetition and drill.
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Fast-mapping
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connecting new words with concepts after a brief encounter
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Pragmatics
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the practical, social side of language—how children learn to engage in effective and appropriate communication
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X-rays of epiphyses enable doctors to estimate children's
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skeletal age
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_____________ may profoundly affect handedness.
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Prenatal events
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Fibers linking the __________ to the __________ grow and myelinate from birth through the preschool years, contributing to dramatic gains in motor coordination
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cerebellum; cerebral cortex
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Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) prompts the thyroid gland in the neck to release __________, which is necessary for brain development and for growth hormone (GH) to have its full impact on body size.
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thyroxine
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As children's bodies become more streamlined and less top-heavy,
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balance improves greatly
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By age 2 or 3, most children can
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use a spoon effectively
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Researchers today believe that make-believe play
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not only reflects but also contributes to children's cognitive and social skills
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In Michaela's preschool classroom, the girls spend more time in the housekeeping and art centers, while the boys play with blocks and Legos. This is an example of
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gender typing
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An important motivator of prosocial behavior is
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empathy
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According to Erikson, one of the major functions of play is to allow children to
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try out new skills with little risk of criticism or failure.
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Preschoolers' self concepts
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consist largely of observable traits
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Shelby tells her classmates not to play with Sophia because "she lies." This is an example of __________ aggression.
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relational
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Mia bit her brother, so her father would not let her watch TV. This technique, known as withdrawal of privileges
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allows Mia's father to avoid harsh techniques that could easily intensify into violence
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According to Erikson, the psychological conflict of the preschool years is
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initiative v. guilt
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Inactivity is __________ excessive weight gain in children
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both a cause and consequence of
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Throughout elementary and secondary school, __________ predicts academic success.
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self-regulation
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Middle-ear infections become __________ frequent in middle childhood because the Eustachian tube becomes __________
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less; longer, narrower, and more slanted
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Children with persistent learning difficulties in reading and math are often deficient in
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working memory capacity
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Kim Lee is able to mentally represent her neighborhood and describe it to others. Kim Lee's representation is known as __________.
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cognitive map
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Research on nutrition indicates that
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malnutrition that persists from infancy or early childhood into the school years usually leads to permanent physical and mental damage.
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As children make the transition from emergent literacy to conventional reading, __________ continues to predict reading and spelling progress
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phonological awareness
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Jacob, a sixth grader, entered the middle school academic bowl. According to Erikson, by entering the competition, Jacob shows
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industriousness.
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___________ parenting is correlated with unrealistically high self-esteem.
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indulgent
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Fernando's parents respond sensitively and helpfully when he is distressed. Fernando is probably
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prosocial
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Research demonstrates that only children __________ compared to children with siblings.
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are higher in self-esteem and achievement motivation
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Fuctional Play (0-2 yr)
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simple, repetative motor movements, with or without objects
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Constructive Play (3-6yr)
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Creating or constructing something
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make-believe play (2-6 yr)
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Acting out everyday and imaginative roles
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nonsocial activity
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unoccupied, onlooker behavior solitary play
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parallel play
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plays near other children with similar materials does not try to influence them
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associative play
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engages in seperate activities exchanges toys and comments
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cooperative play
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orients with peers toward a common play goal
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psychoanalytic
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Freud: superego and guilt New evidence: induction, empathy based guilt
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social learning
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modeling moral behavior punishment
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cognitive development
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children as active thinkers about social rules
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Proactive (or instrumental) aggression
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occurs when children want an object, privilege, space, or social reward and unemotionally attack a person to achieve their goal.
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Reactive (or hostile) aggression
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a response to provocation or a blocked goal and is meant to hurt another person
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Physical aggression
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involves physical injury or destruction of another's property.
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Verbal aggression
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involves threats of physical aggression, name-calling, or hostile teasing.
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Relational aggression
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damages another's peer relationships through social exclusion, malicious gossip, or friendship manipulation
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social learning
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gender-typed behavior leads to gender identity
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cognitive development
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self-perceptions (gender constancy) precede gender typed behavior
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gender schema
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combines social learning and cognitive-developmental features
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Authoritative
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self-control, moral maturity, high self-esteem
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Authoritarian
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anxiety, unhappiness, low self-esteem, anger, defiance
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Permissive
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impulsivity, poor school achievement
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Uninvolved
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depression, anger, poor school achievement
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The most common vision problem in middle childhood
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is myopia, or nearsightedness; heredity and experience play a role in its development.
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What are the major characteristics of concrete operational thought?
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Conservation Classification Seriation Spatial reasoning
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Seriation
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the ability to order items along a quantitative dimension ex. length, weight (6-7 years old ). The concrete operational child can seriate mentally, called transitive inference (around 7 years old)
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Spatial reasoning
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cognitive maps or mental representations of familiar large-scale spaces
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decentration
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Focusing on several aspects of a problem and relating them
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Reversibility
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Thinking through a series of steps and then mentally reversing direction
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whole-language approach
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children should be exposed to text in its complete form so that they can appreciate the communicative function of written language.
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phonics approach
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children should first be coached on phonics—the basic rules for translating written symbols into sounds
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self efficacy
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a feeling of being in control of their emotional experience
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The more parents ____________, the more "emotion words" children use and the better developed their emotional understanding.
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label emotions, explain them, and express warmth and enthusiasm when conversing with preschoolers
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Which of the following statements is supported by research on recess?
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Elementary school students are more attentive in the classroom after recess than before it.
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