question

Disease model

answer

-distinguishes normal from abnormal -goal: cure illness

question

Criteria for abnormal

answer

1. deviance from social norms of acceptability 2. maladaptive - interferes with appropriate response to situation/behavior 3. cause of personal distress or dangerous to self or others 4. cause discomfort or concern to others

question

The DSM uses a ____ ___ system

answer

categorical classification

question

Rosenhan 1973 Study

answer

Normal people go to psychiatric hospitals; claim hearing voices - no other symptoms. All hospitals admitted patients who immediately stopped reporting any systems. Normal behavior seen as evidence of mental illness; 7-52 days for release

question

Diathesis

answer

An underlying vulnerability

question

Positive psychology

answer

-abandoning the disease model -mental health much more than absence of mental illness -we have a science of mental illness but no science of mental health -mental illness is worse than neutral but mental health is better than neutral

question

Positive psychology Hedonic and Eudaimonic well-being

answer

Hedonic: focus is on happiness (pleasure and pain) Eudaimnoic: focus is on meaning and self actualization Eudaimonic well being associated with -less activation of stress hormones -better immune functioning -lower cardiovascular risk -better sleep (Hedonic well-being not associated with biological functioning)

question

Psychological principles

answer

-Observe behavior -infer causes and underlying processes -use of introspection -generate hypotheses -observe sets of behavior and codify similarities and differences; qualitative and quantitative

question

Levels of analysis

answer

biological -genetic, neurochemical, brain systems individual -behavioral, perceptual and cognitive, individual differences social -interpersonal behavior, social cognition cultural -norms of behavior

question

Psychology

answer

The scientific study of mind, brain, and behavior

question

Great debates

answer

Nature vs. nurture Mind body problem (dualism vs. monism) Free will vs. determinism conscious vs. unconscious universaltility vs. cultural specificty Continuity vs. discontinuity with animals Place of biological research in psychology

question

Structuralism

answer

Identify building blocks of consciousness -describe rules that determine how particular sensations or feelings occur -Titchener broadened scope to thinking in general -Introspection

question

Problems with structuralism/introspection

answer

Objectivity Expertise

question

Functionalism

answer

Understnad how mind helps individuals function/adapt in the world -why people think, feel, behave in certain ways -people and groups -influenced by Darwin

question

Gestalt

answer

-arguments with structuralism -whole of personal experience greater than sum of parts -phenomenological approach-untrained observers -perception is subjective and dependent on context

question

Psychoanalytic theory

answer

-Mind has conscious and unconscious processes -ego, superego, id -sex and aggression as driving forces -importance of early experience -unconsciouss influences behavior in fundamental ways

question

Three principles of behaviorism

answer

1. psychology should be about observable behavior, not about consciousness 2. psychology should use objective methods, not introspection 3. purpose of psychology should be prediction and control of behavior

question

Behaviorism

answer

-principles of reinforcement -all behavior built out of simpler behaviors -acquired through reinforcement -no business studying internal processes because they can't be verified -animal models to understand humans

question

Humanistic

answer

-people have positive values, free will, deep inner creativity -personal growth and self-actualization -client centered

question

Cognitive revolution

answer

-computer metaphor --human information processing: mental processes = software; brain = hardware -experimental method to study hidden mental processes -cognitive neuroscience -cognitive unconscious

question

Critical thinking questions

answer

1. What am I being asked to believe or accept? 2. What evidence supports this position 3. are there other ways this evidence could be interpreted? 4. what other evidence would i need to evaluate these alternatives? 5. what are the most reasonable conclusions?

question

Methods of forming beliefs

answer

intuition - just feels right metaphysics - religion, mythology logic - basic assumptions, if-then reasoning experience - have seen something happen science - based on evidence

question

Objectives of science

answer

description - describing the behavior and variables prediction - forecasting identifying causes (temmporal precedence, covariation, alternative explanations) explanation control - changing future events based on new knowledge

question

Measuring what you mean to measure

answer

validity

question

same answer again?

answer

reliability

question

Three types of studies

answer

experimental correlational descriptive

question

manipulated variable

answer

independent

question

measured variable

answer

dependent (measured to see if independent variable affects it)

question

Five Data Collection Methods

answer

1. unobtrusive observational studies - coding overt behaviors 2. self-report studies 3. case studies 4. response performance studies 5. psychophysiological assessment

question

Descriptive statistics

answer

organize/summarize data -mean, median, mode -standard deviation

question

Inferential statistics

answer

interpret data and draw consclusions t-test anova chi-square correlation coefficient

question

Sensory neuron Motor neuron

answer

afferent efferent

question

Functions of glial cells

answer

(10 times more glial cells than neurons) -fill gaps between neurons (hold them in place) -provide oxygen and nutrients to neurons -insulate neurons from each other -destroy pathogens and remove dead neurons

question

Monism

answer

mind and brain are same thing

question

dualism

answer

mind and brain are different entities

question

Equipotentiality vs. functional localization

answer

-major debate in 1800s -equipotentiality: all parts of the cortex contribute equally to all mental abilities -functional localization: different parts of the cortex underlie different mental processes

question

Phrenology

answer

assessing personality and abilities by measuring bumps on the skull (functional localization)

question

Damage to Broca's area

answer

causes impairments in generating speech

question

The seat of thought

answer

cerebrum

question

Occipital lobe

answer

back of head primary function - vision

question

temporal lobe

answer

near temples hearing; memory

question

parietal lobe

answer

top rear of brain spatial abilities, integrate sensory info, sense of touch; somatosensory cortex

question

frontal lobe

answer

front of brain huge in humans planning, rational, directed activity, socially appropraite, movement, motor control; motor cortex

question

Hemispheric lateralization

answer

the hemispheres specialize in different things -left: verbal processing, language, speech, reading, writing -right: nonverbal processing, spatial, musical, visual recognitition

question

Contralateral control

answer

each hemisphere controls the opposite side of the body

question

Attention

answer

selecting which stimuli to discard and which to process further

question

sensation

answer

taking in the world through the sense organs

question

perception

answer

what our mind does with the information process, organize, interpret

question

Sensation/Perception Process

answer

Sensation: 1. stimulus energy impacts sense receptors 2. sense organ transduces the stimulus energy into electrical code Perception 3. code is sent to cerebral cortex resulting in psycological experience

question

autokinetic effect

answer

stationary objects can appear to move

question

data driven processing

answer

bottom up - look at component parts to figure out whole

question

knowledge driven procesing

answer

top-down; guided by knowledge beliefs and expectations; context

question

Rods

answer

low light (night vision) black and white periphery

question

Cones

answer

brighter light color vision near fovea (centralized)

question

Types of learning

answer

classical conditioning operant conditioning cognitive and social learning

question

Three memory stores

answer

sensory memory short-term memory long-term memory

question

Ways to improve long term memory

answer

mnemonic devices include: categorical clustering imagery method of loci -associate items with landmarks acronyms acrostics - sentences formed from initial letters of new items to be learned

question

7 sins of memory

answer

omission/forgetting -transience -absentmindedness -blocking commission/distortion -misattribution -suggestibility -bias -persistance

question

Structuralism - People

answer

Wundt Titchener

question

Functionalism - People

answer

James Darwin Dewey

question

Person responsible for "Stream of Consciousness"

answer

James

question

People - Gestalt

answer

Wertheimer Kohler

question

Problem with functionalism

answer

Did not sufficiently allow for answers for broad-ranging subjects

question

Perception of objects is subjective and dependent on context

answer

Gestalt

question

People - Behaviorism

answer

Watson Pavlov Skinner

question

People - Cognitive

answer

Miller Tolman - animals could learn by observation Newell Simon

question

People - social psychology

answer

Allport Asch Lewin

question

Experimental psychology began with

answer

introspection

question

Introspection led to

answer

structuralism

question

Functionalism addressed the

answer

purpose of behavior; mind is best understood by examining its functions and purpose, not its structure

question

Emphasized patterns and context in learning

answer

gestalt

question

School that studied environmental forces

answer

behaviorism

question

Cognitive approaches emphasized

answer

mental activity

question

Social psychology studies how

answer

situations shape behavior

question

School of thought John Dewey

answer

functionalism

question

School of thought William james

answer

functionalism

question

School of thought kohler

answer

gestalt

question

School of thought lewin

answer

social

question

school of thought miller

answer

cognitive

question

school of thought skinner

answer

behaviorism

question

school of thought titchener

answer

structuralism

question

school of thought tolman

answer

cognitive

question

school of thought watson

answer

behaviorism

question

school of thought wertheimer

answer

gestalt

question

school of thought wundt

answer

structuralism

question

theory

answer

a model of interconnected ideas or concepts that explains what is observed and makes predictinos about future events

question

Hypothesis

answer

a specific prediction of what should be observed if a theory is correct

question

Descriptive studies Advantages/disadvantages

answer

valuable in early stages of research when tryign to determine whether a phenomenon exists errors in observation can occur bc of an observer's expectations (observer bias) observer's presence can change behavior (reactivity)

question

Two types of descriptive studies

answer

naturalistic observation participant observation

question

Cross sectional studies

answer

involve observing and classifying developmental changes that occur in different groups of participants of people at the same time A: faster and less expensive than longitudinal studies D: unidentified variables may be involved (cohort effect)

question

Longitudianl studies A and D

answer

A: provide information about effects of age on the same people D: expensive; take long time; may lose participants over time

question

Correlational A and D

answer

Rely on naturally occurring relationships Directionality/causation/third variable

question

External validity

answer

the degree to which the findings of an experiment can be generalized outside the laboratory

question

internal validity

answer

the extent to which the data collected in a study address the research hypothesis in the way intended

question

Areas of brain damaged by Huntington's

answer

basal ganglia thalamus cerebellum

question

Three types of neurons

answer

sensory motor interneurons

question

Sensory neurons

answer

afferent; detect information from physical world and pass onto brain

question

Motor neurnos

answer

efferent; direct muscles to contract or relax thereby producing movement

question

interneurons

answer

communicate only with other neurons

question

reuptake

answer

A neurotransmitter's reabsorption by the sending neuron

question

agonists

answer

drugs that enhance the actions of neurotramistters

question

antagonists

answer

drugs that inhibit the action of neurotramistters

question

Your text states that "for many years, psychologists focused on behavior rather than mental states." Why did psychologists tend to neglect the mind during this period? A. Mental states are unrelated to behavior. B. Psychology does not include the study of the mind. C. Mental states are inherently subjective. D. The technology necessary to study the mind objectively has become available only recently.

answer

d

question

According to your text, the ancient Chinese philosopher Confucius emphasized each of the following psychological topics EXCEPT: A. human development C. intelligence B. interpersonal relations D. education

answer

c

question

Yuko remarks that she is interested in child development and educational psychology. Based on your text's discussion, Yuko's interests echo the: A. emphases of Confucius C. thoughts of Greek scholars B. writings of da Vinci D. writings of early Muslim thinkers

answer

a

question

With respect to the mind/body problem, which of the following alternatives best captures the view of dualism held by contemporary psychological scientists? A. Most psychological scientists reject dualism. B. Most psychological scientists accept dualism. C. While many psychological scientists reject dualism, a growing minority promote a return to dualism. D. While many psychological scientists accept dualism, a growing minority reject the view.

answer

a

question

The early school of structuralism was introduced by: A. Edward Titchener C. Wilhelm Wundt B. William James D. Mary Whiton Calkins

answer

a

question

According to the structuralists, the goal of psychology is to: A. uncover the unconscious determinants of behavior B. focus on observable behavior itself C. identify the elements of conscious experience D. identify the purposes of our behavior and mental processes

answer

c

question

Which of the following psychologists is most closely associated with the school of functionalism? A. Sigmund Freud C. Wilhelm Wundt B. B. F. Skinner D. William James

answer

d

question

With respect to the psychology of emotion,William James would be most interested in: A. the contribution of unconscious memories to one's emotional experience B. the basic nature of an emotional feeling or experience C. how emotions aid one's adaptation to the environment D. one's subjective interpretation of one's emotions

answer

c

question

Gestalt psychology is LEAST relevant to our understanding of which of the following topics? A. subjective experience C. visual perception B. human personality D. cellular neuroscience

answer

d

question

The first woman officially granted a Ph.D. in psychology was: A. Mary Whiton Calkins C. Shelley Taylor B. Margaret Floy Washburn D. Eleanor Maccoby

answer

b

question

Four early psychologists suddenly appear in the psychology department of an American university. Which psychologist would be most dismayed bythe emphasis on mental processes in today's psychology? A. Sigmund Freud C. Edward Titchener B. Wilhelm Wundt D. John Watson

answer

d

question

In which order did the behaviorists discussed in your text make their most important contributions to the field, from the earliest to the most recent? A. WatsonÆPavlov ÆSkinner C. Pavlov ÆSkinner ÆWatson B. Pavlov ÆWatson ÆSkinner D. Skinner ÆWatson ÆPavlov

answer

b

question

Which of the following psychologists are most closely associated with social psychology? A. Watson and Skinner C. Freud and Jung B. Allport and Lewin D. Titchener and Wundt

answer

b

question

Your text reviews three general developments in biology that have helped fuel the development of psychological science. Which of the following is NOT among these developments? A. developments in the understanding of brain chemistry B. mapping the human genome C. evolutionary evidence that proves that the mind developed from the brain D. brain scan methods that allow scientists to watch a working brain

answer

c

question

Which cultural group is most likely to focus on single elements of the foreground in an image rather than on the entire image? A. Eastern cultures C. both Western and Eastern cultures B. Western cultures D. neither Western nor Eastern cultures

answer

b

question

Which cultural group is most likely to focus on an entire image rather than the single elements of its foreground? A. Eastern cultures C. both Western and Eastern cultures B. Western cultures D. neither Western nor Eastern cultures

answer

a

question

An interpersonal level of analysis falls into which of the following categories for understanding behavior? A. biological C. psychological B. perceptual D. social

answer

d

question

Topics such as visual perception, movement, and learning are studied by _____ psychologists. A. organizational C. personality B. experimental D. biological

answer

d

question

Based on your text's discussion of scientific inquiry, the goals of psychological science include each of the following EXCEPT: A. explaining behavior and mental processes B. controlling the causes of behavior and mental processes C. synthesizing behaviorand mental processes D. predicting behavior and mental processes

answer

c

question

If a researcher does not have a clear operational definition of the behavior he is studying, he might experience: A. observer bias C. confounds B. reactivity D. a directionality problem

answer

a

question

When a researcher's bias affects the coding of data, there is a problem with: A. the Hawthorne effect C. a third variable B. experimenter expectancy D. confounds

answer

b

question

The variable that a researcher manipulates in an experiment is called the: A. independent variable C. confounding variable B. dependent variable D. stimulus

answer

a

question

The variable that a researcher measures in an experiment to see if it has changed after a treatment is called the: A. independent variable C. confounding variable B. dependent variable D. stimulus

answer

b

question

When an experiment lacks the proper control,which of the following unintended variables can influence the outcome of a study? A. confound C. dependent variable B. independent variable D. all of the above

answer

a

question

Unintended differences between the groups in an experiment reflect _____ bias; these differences stem from a failure to follow the principle of random _____. A. sampling; selection C. selection; sampling B. sampling; assignment D. selection; assignment

answer

d

question

The Hawthorne effect refers to changes in behavior associated with: A. reactivity C. experimenter expectancy B. observer bias D. informed consent

answer

a

question

If a researcher asks a group of participants to record their thoughts or feelings at random times of the day, the best approach would be to use: A. correlational research C. longitudinal data B. experimental research D. experience sampling

answer

d

question

With respect to the better-than-average effect, which of the following statements is true? A. The effect is absent in Asian cultures. B. The effect is less pronounced among Asians than among people in the United States. C. The effect is just as pronounced among Asiansas it is among people in the United States. D. The effect is more pronounced among Asiansthan among people in the United States

answer

b

question

If a researcher wants to see how quickly a person can process complex information, that researcher is likely to use: A. psychophysiological assessment C. reactivity B. stimulus judgments D. reaction time studies

answer

d

question

If a researcher applies scalp electrodes to get measurements of brain activity, the researcher is using: A. PET scans C. EEG recordings B. fMRIs D. transcranial magnetic stimulation

answer

c

question

The most powerful imaging technique, which documents changes in magnetic forces in the brain, is: A. fMRI C. psychophysiological assessment B. MRI D. EEG recording

answer

b

question

Which of the following brain imaging techniquesmeasures blood flow directly by tracking a harmless radioactive substance? A. PET C. fMRI B. MRI D. all of the above

answer

a

question

Dr. Brierly wishes to study the response of the autonomic nervous system to emotionally arousing stimuli. The best approach for such research is that of: A. experience sampling C. participant observation B. psychophysiological assessment D. reactivity

answer

b

question

Transcranial magnetic stimulation investigates the activity of a given region of the brain through the: A. monitoring of overall brain functioning and recording of increases in magnetic activity in the region of interest B. interruption of functioning ofthe brain in the region of interest by sending a magnetic pulse to that region C. recording of changing levels of oxygen flow in the area of interest in the brain D. monitoring of glucose use in the area of interest in the brain

answer

b

question

What approach have researchers used to document changes in the brain's metabolic activity during problem solving? A. EEG recording C. transcranial magnetic stimulation B. MRI D. PET scan

answer

d

question

If a researcher's data are reliable: A. they still might involve a high level of systematic error B. it is very likely that they are also valid C. there will be little chance of participant reactivity D. measurements were probably culturally sensitive

answer

a

question

When researchers report a measure of central tendency, they might present: A. the standard deviation C. inferential statistics B. the median D. the correlation coefficient

answer

b

question

The range and standard deviation are examples of: A. inferential statistics C. types of variability B. measures of central tendency D. correlational measures

answer

c

question

If a researcher wants to make a judgment as to whether the data from her sample would be like data in the population, she would use: A. correlation coefficients C. inferential statistics B. measures of central tendency D. meta-analysis

answer

c

question

Neural networks do all of the following EXCEPT: A. selectively communicate with other neurons B. involve two to thousands of other neurons C. develop through maturation and experience D. become prewired before birth

answer

d

question

The nerves that provide information about muscle movement are called _____ nerves. A. motor C. afferent B. muscle D. somatosensory

answer

d

question

Efferent neurons carry information: A. from the brain to the muscles C. regarding effects in the environment B. from the muscles to the brain D. regarding the most efficient response

answer

a

question

Axons: A. transmit nerve impulses to terminal buttons and vary in length B. are always bundled with other axons to formnerves and are individually very short in length C. vary in length depending on whether they send or receive information D. are uniform in size throughout the body though capable of serving different functions

answer

a

question

Which of the following sequences reflects the order in which a signal generally travels through a neuron? A. dendrite Æsoma Æaxon Æterminal buttons B. terminal buttons Æaxon Æcell body Ædendrite C. cell body Ædendrite Æaxon Æterminal buttons D. dendrite Æaxon Æcell body Æterminal buttons

answer

a

question

Excitatory signals are _____, whereas inhibitory signals are _____. A. depolarized; hyperpolarized C. hyperpolarized; depolarized B. efferent; afferent D. afferent; efferent

answer

a

question

Typically, it takes about a 100 mV depolarization change to produce an action potential. Which of the following should result in an action potential? A. inhibitory signals equaling approximately 110 mV B. excitatory signals equaling 75 mV plus inhibitory signals equaling 25 mV C. excitatory signals equaling 110 mV D. inhibitory signals equaling 75 mV plus excitatory signals equaling 25 mV

answer

c

question

Inhibitory signals _____ polarization,_____ the likelihood of an action potential. A. decrease; decreasing C. increase; decreasing B. decrease; increasing D. increase; increasing

answer

c

question

The action of neural firing as it proceeds down the axon is similar to which of the following types of movement? A. skipping C. running laps B. crawling D. driving on a road

answer

a

question

What do we call the neurons on the sending side of a synaptic cleft? A. postsynaptic neurons C. interneurons B. presynaptic neurons D. excitatory neurons

answer

b

question

What do we call the neurons on the receiving side of a synaptic cleft? A. postsynaptic neurons C. interneurons B. presynaptic neurons D. excitatory neurons

answer

a

question

How do neurons communicate? A. Terminal buttons plug into receptor sites on adjacent dendrites. B. Neurotransmitters cross the synapse and bind with receptors on the postsynaptic dendrite. C. Electric signals jump across the synapse to the adjacent neuron. D. Chemicals released into the synapse are converted to neurotransmitters that bind with receptors.

answer

b

question

Postsynaptic receptors allow a neurotransmitter to attach based on its: A. molecular structure C. volume of sodium ions B. volume of potassium ions D. excitatory or inhibitory nature

answer

a

question

There are three ways that a neurotransmitter is removed from the synapse. Which of the following is NOT one of these ways? A. The neurotransmitter is taken back into the presynaptic neuron. B. Enzymes in the synapse destroy the neurotransmitter. C. The neurotransmitter "plugs" into a receptor in the presynaptic neuron. D. The neurotransmitter alters its structure after release from the synaptic vesicle.

answer

d

question

Drugs affect neural communication in each of the following ways EXCEPT: A. blocking reuptake C. destroying neurotransmitters B. blocking receptors D. eliminating the need for action potentials

answer

d

question

Drugs that produce their effects by mimicking neurotransmitters are called: A. antagonists C. acetylcholines B. agonists D. amygdalas

answer

b

question

Another way to think of agonists and antagonists, with respect to their involvement in the actions of neurotransmitters, is that agonists _____, whereas antagonists _____ the action of neurotransmitters. A. help; hinder C. alter; maintain B. hinder; help D. maintain; alter

answer

a

question

Imagine you are at the end part of the chain of activity on a production line. Your boss, who in his previous career was a neuroscientist, calls you an agonist. What would he be implying? A. that you completely halt production B. that you interfere with production C. that you take stuff out of the process that is defective D. that you facilitate production

answer

d

question

Drugs that block the effects of neurotransmitters by occupying their receptor sites are called: A. antagonists C. acetylcholines B. agonists D. amygdalas

answer

a

question

One mechanism of drugs is to alter the availabilityof neurotransmitters, thus affecting the functioning of neurons. Antagonistic drugs _____ the availability, whereas agonistic drugs _____ the availability. A. increase; decrease C. eliminate; block B. decrease; increase D. block; eliminate

answer

b

question

Imagine you are at the end part of the chain of activity on a production line. Your boss, who in his previous career was a neuroscientist, calls you an antagonist. What would he be implying? A. that you interfere with production B. that you speed up production C. that you take stuff out of the process that is defective D. that you sleep on the job, doing nothing

answer

a

question

Regarding the role they play in behavior, neurotransmitters: A. are very specific, with a separate neurotransmitter for each behavior B. may affect a variety of behaviors depending on the size of the action potential produced C. influence behavior because of the action ofa particular postsynaptic neuron's function D. convert enzymes at particular synapses

answer

c

question

A neurotransmitter that is important in muscle contraction is: A. epinephrine C. acetylcholine B. norepinephrine D. dopamine

answer

c

question

Since curare interferes with acetylcholine functioning, we would assume it is a(n): A. agonist B. antagonist C. substance that destroys neurons with acetylcholine receptors D. toxin released by neurons thatbinds to acetylcholine receptors

answer

b

question

Since nicotine increases acetylcholine functioning we can assume it is a(n): A. agonist B. antagonist C. substance that destroys neurons with acetylcholine receptors D. toxin released by neurons that binds to acetylcholine receptors

answer

a

question

Which of the following neurotransmitters would be most involved in enabling nerves that connect with muscles as you raise your arms above your head? A. acetylcholine C. serotonin B. epinephrine D. norepinephrine

answer

a

question

The effect of the botulism toxin on acetylcholine is to: A. increase the amount of acetylcholine available B. inhibit the release of acetylcholine from the terminal buttons C. destroy acetylcholine within the synapse D. prevent the production of acetylcholine in the vesicles

answer

b

question

Regarding the role they play in behavior, neurotransmitters: A. are very specific, with a separate neurotransmitter for each behavior B. may affect a variety of behaviors depending on the size of the action potential produced C. influence behavior because of the action ofa particular postsynaptic neuron's function D. convert enzymes at particular synapses

answer

c

question

A neurotransmitter that is important in muscle contraction is: A. epinephrine C. acetylcholine B. norepinephrine D. dopamine

answer

c

question

Since curare interferes with acetylcholine functioning, we would assume it is a(n): A. agonist B. antagonist C. substance that destroys neurons with acetylcholine receptors D. toxin released by neurons thatbinds to acetylcholine receptors

answer

b

question

The phrase adrenaline rushrefers to the action of the neurotransmitter: A. dopamine C. acetylcholine B. serotonin D. epinephrine

answer

d

question

Penny consumes a recreational drug. She finds that she is almost too sensitive to what is going on, too vigilant—almost paranoid, in fact. The drug Penny consumed seems to enhance the activity of the neurotransmitter: A. serotonin C. norepinephrine B. GABA D. endorphin

answer

c

question

The neurotransmitter _____ is involved in emotional states, dreaming, and impulse control. A. acetylcholine C. serotonin B. epinephrine D. dopamine

answer

c

question

Drugs that enhance the effects of GABA: A. are used to treat depression C. are used to treat anxiety and insomnia B. affect the location of reception D. may cause seizures and hallucinations

answer

c

question

Alcohol is a depressant, not a stimulant. Although alcohol may make people feel outgoing, it inhibits the nervous system by effectively increasing the binding of: A. GABA C. serotonin B. epinephrine D. glutamate

answer

a

question

GABA is to glutamate as _____ is to _____. A. control; out of control C. arouse; paralyze B. inhibit; excite D. awake; asleep

answer

b

question

Narcotics, such as heroin and morphine, are probably rapidly addictive because they: A. block neural transmission C. activate the release of substance P B. cause a placebo effect D. bind to endorphin receptors

answer

d

question

Capsaicin rubs, Tiger balm, and other salves usedby athletes to soothe muscle injuries create a burning sensation. This sensation is likely due to the fact that the skin receptors they affect signal the release of _____, which eventually prevents the affected neurons from transmitting pain signals. A. substance P C. GABA B. endorphins D. cholecystokinins

answer

a

question

The brain stem consists of: A. the pons C. the midbrain B. the medulla D. all of the above

answer

d

question

Which of the following alternatives identifies the structures in the brain stem? A. medulla, thalamus, amygdala C. medulla, thalamus, reticular formation B. reticular formation, thalamus, amygdala D. medulla, pons, reticular formation

answer

d

question

Which of the following structures is mostlikely to control basic survival functions? A. thalamus C. pons B. amygdala D. hippocampus

answer

c

question

Which brain stem structure influences the sleep cycle, as well as general alertness? A. reticular formation C. cerebellum B. amygdala D. medulla

answer

a

question

Damage to this brain area would have a profound impact on motor learning: A. Broca's area C. cerebellum B. brain stem D. cerebral cortex

answer

c

question

Yves has been drinking. He has difficulty walking a straight line when asked to do so by a police officer. Apparently, Yves's _____ is functioning poorly. A. cerebellum C. reticular formation B. thalamus D. hippocampus

answer

a

question

You read that a group of brain cells called the suprachiasmatic nucleus helps regulate the sleep-wake cycle, a bodily function. Based on your text's discussion of subcorticalstructures, you surmise that the suprachiasmatic nucleus is located in the: A. basal ganglia C. pons B. amygdala D. hypothalamus

answer

d

question

Anke is working in a laboratory and comes across a rat that is grossly overweight and seems unable to stop eating. The researcher tells Anke this rat has a brain lesion. Which part of the brain most likely has the lesion? A. amygdala C. frontal lobe B. hypothalamus D. brain stem

answer

b

question

nformation travels from our sensory receptors tothe _____ in the brain, which relays it to higher association areas. A. basal ganglia C. thalamus B. hypothalamus D. cerebellum

answer

c

question

The thalamus receives nearly all sensory information before relaying it to the cortex. What is the one sensation that is the EXCEPTION to this rule? A. smell C. auditory B. visual D. none of the above

answer

a

question

According to a study by Maguire and colleagues, which part of a taxi driver's brain is more likely to be larger than normal, and why? A. frontal lobe; quick motor reactions B. hippocampus; greater and more accurate representations of the spatial world C. cerebellum; quick motor reactions D. thalamus; greater and more accurate representations of the spatial world

answer

b

question

Which of the following subcortical structures plays an important role in fear learning? A. hypothalamus C. amygdala B. hippocampus D. basal ganglia

answer

c

question

The basal ganglia is a system ofsubcortical structures critical for: A. planning and producing movement C. synthesizing incoming information B. regulating emotions D. thinking

answer

a

question

Which of the following structures is important for experiencing reward? A. frontal lobe of the cerebral cortex C. frontal lobe of the basal ganglia B. nucleus accumbens of the basal ganglia D. nucleus accumbens of the cerebral cortex

answer

b

question

Damage to this brain structure can produce symptoms resembling Parkinson's disease: A. hypothalamus C. amygdala B. hippocampus D. basal ganglia

answer

d

question

Pleasurable and desirable experiences activate dopamine neurons in which structure of the basal ganglia? A. thalamus C. amygdala B. hippocampus D. nucleus accumbens

answer

d

question

Which of the following structures is NOTconsidered a part of the cerebral cortex? A. occipital lobes C. temporal lobes B. parietal lobes D. brain stem

answer

d

question

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the cerebral cortex? A. It has a wrinkled appearance. B. It is the largest part of the human brain. C. The corpus callosum provides connections between the two hemispheres. D. Damage to this area typically results in death.

answer

d

question

A young child is referred to Dr. Marco's psychology practice following a severe accident. The child had vision prior to the accident, but because of a blowto the head, she can no longer see. Her eyes are still fully functional. Based on this information, Dr. Marco determines that the brain area most likely damaged in the accident is the: A. frontal lobe C. temporal lobe B. parietal lobe D. occipital lobe

answer

d

question

Jonas has experienced a relatively severe right hemisphere stroke. As a result, he has been diagnosed with hemineglect. That is, he is unable to notice anything on the left side ofhis body. The location of the stroke is most likely within the: A. frontal lobe C. temporal lobe B. parietal lobe D. occipital lobe

answer

b

question

Which of the following is NOT correct? A. The frontal lobe plays a significant role in thinking and movement. B. The occipital lobe plays a significant role in vision. C. The parietal lobe plays a significant role in touch. D. The temporal lobe plays a significant rolein the integration of movement and sight.

answer

d

question

Auditory information is received in which lobe of the cerebral cortex? A. occipital C. temporal B. parietal D. frontal

answer

c

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