question

Approximately _______ of all people under correctional supervision are living in the community on probation or parole

answer

two-third

question

During the Age of Reason, advances in scientific thinking led to a questioning attitude that emphasized which of the following?

answer

All of these

question

Lex talionis embodies which of the following principles?

answer

All of these

question

According to the text, Every aspect of the corrections field raises questions that concern deeply held values about

answer

money.

question

The belief that a punishment inflicted on an offender must achieve enough good to outweigh the pain inflicted is called

answer

utilitarianism.

question

Political liberals and _______________ encouraged reform of the prison system during the Enlightenment Period

answer

religious groups

question

Because correctional workers work directly with people, they have been referred to as:

answer

street-level bureaucrats.

question

According to the text, The medical model of corrections was beginning to be taken seriously through implementation in the ____________.

answer

1930's

question

The _________was born out of concern for the sinfulness of sloth.

answer

workhouse

question

According to the author, __________ is a method of applying scientific knowledge to practical purposes in a particular field.

answer

Technology

question

Money or other compensation is awarded to a plaintiff in a civil action when the person sued has

answer

Civil Liability

question

Like inmates in correctional facilities, convicted offenders in the community also have rights

answer

True

question

Correctional clients, as a group, seem to ________ the general population?

answer

Differ Markedly

question

Which of the following has not been legally recognized by the Supreme Court as justifying abridgements of an inmate's constitutional rights?

answer

The maintenance of stable prison populations

question

Money or other compensation is awarded to a plaintiff in a civil action when the person sued has

answer

civil liability.

question

Like inmates in correctional facilities, convicted offenders in the community also have rights.

answer

True

question

Correctional clients, as a group, seem to ________ the general population?

answer

differ markedly from

question

Which of the following has not been legally recognized by the Supreme Court as justifying abridgements of an inmate's constitutional rights?

answer

The maintenance of stable prison populations

question

Within 40 years of being built, penitentiaries had become

answer

all of these.

question

The original penitentiary relied on penance and contemplation as the means for the criminal offender to move from sin toward perfection.

answer

True

question

Which case allowed inmates to sue state officials for brutality, inadequate medical care and nutrition, theft of personal property and the denial of basic rights

answer

Cooper v. Pate

question

Correctional treatment programs have proven to be most effective with

answer

NONE OF THESE

question

Half of those entering state prisons are ________years old.

answer

between 18 and 27

question

The Anti-Terrorism Act imposes __________ limit to file a federal habeas petition.

answer

a one-year

question

For most of United States history, the Bill of Rights was interpreted as protecting individuals from acts of the

answer

federal government.

question

The goal of rehabilitation is oriented solely toward the _____________and does not imply any consistent relationship between the severity of the punishment and the gravity of the crime

answer

offender

question

The Fourteenth Amendment was ratified in

answer

1868

question

A writ of habeas corpus requests an examination of the legality of____________.

answer

confinement

question

With the rise of the medical model, the emphasis in corrections shifted to

answer

the treatment and diagnosis of criminals.

question

With reference to time, rehabilitation is

answer

future-oriented.

question

Within 40 years of their initiation, penitentiaries had become overcrowded, understaffed, and minimally financed.

answer

True

question

Which of the following correctional changes can be attributed to the prisoners' rights movement?

answer

both of these

question

According to your text, situational offenders pose many problems for the correctional system. Which of the following has been identified as a problem with this offender?

answer

They are extremely difficult to rehabilitate.

question

The circumstances in a correctional facility that, when considered as a whole, may violate the protections guaranteed by the Eighth Amendment, are known as

answer

totality of the conditions.

question

According to the Supreme Court, the term "totality of conditions" may be legally interpreted as:

answer

cruel and unusual punishment

question

The right to be free from cruel and unusual punishment is found in which Amendment?

answer

Eighth

question

Some lower courts have upheld rules in conflict with the ______ Amendment protections because they were the least restrictive method of dealing with an institutional problem.

answer

First

question

The first case recognized by the Supreme Court which recognized prisoners' rights involved the case of

answer

brutality and physical conditions.

question

When we talk about characteristics associated with criminal offenders, we can conclude that

answer

it is difficult (if not impossible) to make any general statements about criminal offenders.

question

The positivist school looked to free will and rational thought as the reason for crime.

answer

False

question

Which court decision held that the basic elements of procedural due process must be present when decisions are made concerning the disciplining of an inmate?

answer

Wolff v. McDonnell

question

The case of Wolff v. McDonnell showed that the court was extending the due process rights for prisoners in certain aspects.

answer

True

question

The Military Commissions Act (MCA) __________ the ability of "unlawful enemy combatants" to file a writ of habeas corpus.

answer

eliminates

question

In a typical group of thirty or so young adults it is likely that __________ has been locked up.

answer

at least one

question

The concept of good time is provided to inmates in certain correctional facilities based on

answer

vocational programs

question

Since the inception of The Prison Litigation Reform Act, it has become more difficult for prisoners to file civil rights law suits.

answer

True

question

In instances when parole supervision is being revoked, offenders possess various _________rights.

answer

due process

question

________ of those convicted receive a community sentence such as a fine or probation.

answer

two thirds

question

During the last 25 years the Supreme Court has been __________ prisoners' rights.

answer

less supportive of

question

The leasing of convicts to private entrepreneurs took hold in the

answer

South.

question

The legislature, president, or governor has the ability to give an agency the power in the areas of health, safety and the environment to implement which of the following

answer

regulations.

question

The treatment program that has consistently proven to be successful for the alcohol abuser in general population but less successful for those in the correctional population is

answer

Alcoholics Anonymous.

question

Parolees have the right to be notified of the charges against them.

answer

True

question

A sex offender through legislation is commonly recognized as which of the following?

answer

child molesters

question

The most notably used sentencing guidelines used throughout the United States is the _______________________

answer

Minnesota Sentencing Guideline

question

One of the ways a corrections staff member can insulate themselves against civil lawsuits is to:

answer

all of these

question

A person who has committed a sexual act prohibited by law is known as a

answer

sex offender.

question

Every offender assigned to corrections is

answer

Unique.

question

The Pennsylvania System focused on the isolation of inmates and serving penance.

answer

True

question

The penitentiary was to be a place where

answer

all of these.

question

The career criminal has several attributes

answer

his occupation

question

In classifying offenders, correctional administrators put them into groups based on

answer

all of these

question

With the exception of those working for corporate and nonprofit organizations, correctional personnel are

answer

public employees.

question

During the early 1960s, the U.S. Supreme Court decided to require state governments to _________most of the rights listed in the Bill of Rights

answer

respect.

question

A set of rules of conduct that reflect the values and norms of the prison social system and help to define for inmates the characteristics associated with the model prisoner is known as the:

answer

INMATE CODE

question

93 percent of the adult prison population is:

answer

MALE

question

For many victims of prison violence, the only way for the administration to guarantee them safety is to:

answer

PLACE THEM IN PROTCETIVE CUSTODY UNIT

question

Each year approximately ___________ correctional staff members are assaulted by inmates.

answer

18,000

question

In prison terminology the "fish" is a(n)

answer

NEWCOMER

question

The number of items that a prisoner may purchase or receive through legitimate channels ____________from state to state and from facility to facility:

answer

DIFFERS

question

Some Prisons are operated under the direction of:

answer

THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT

question

Elizabeth Fry was instrumental in the women's prison movement and advocated for which of the following

answer

ALL OF THESE

question

The __________ model was dominant in the 1960s and early 1970s.

answer

REHABILITATION

question

Approximately what percent of women released from incarceration have nowhere to go and must find a place to live?

answer

60 TO 70 PERCENT

question

Inside women's facilities there has been a recent escalation of:

answer

SEXUAL MISCONDUCT BY MALE OFFICERS

question

The process by which a new inmate absorbs the customs of the prison society and learns to adapt to the environment is known as:

answer

PRISONIZATION

question

With the correctional focus shifting to crime control, some believe that offenders have had it too soft, resulting in:

answer

ALL OF THESE

question

At present, the focus of corrections has shifted to:

answer

CRIME CONTROL

question

Prisons designed to hold the "toughest of the tough" are called:

answer

SUPERMAX PRISIONS

question

Mass closings of public hospitals for the mentally ill began in the

answer

1960S

question

Historically, the __________ has been an innovator in the field of corrections.

answer

FEDERAL BUREAU OF PRISONS

question

The rate of confirmed AIDS cases in state and federal prisons is __________ in the total U.S. population.

answer

2.5 TIMES HIGHER

question

The Federal Bureau of Prisons was created within:

answer

DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE

question

According to the authors, in the correctional system women are known as the:

answer

FORGOTTEN OFFENDERS

question

Rates of HIV infection are higher in __________ prisoners.

answer

FEMALE

question

In comparison to men's facilities, women's prisons have:

answer

LESS PROGRAMING

question

According to the author, the general rule of architecture, including prisons, is that form follows:

answer

FUNCTION

question

In 1844, the __________ was created with the goal of improving the treatment of female prisoners and separating them from male prisoners.

answer

WOMENS PRISON ASSOCIATION

question

Private enterprise has __________ played a role in American corrections.

answer

ALWAYS

question

Because inmates are not allowed to carry any currency, the primary method of exchange in prison is:

answer

CIGARETTES

question

Inmates who fall victim to sexual violence while incarcerated tend to be:

answer

NOT AFFILIATED WITH A GANG

question

The relationship between prison crowding and violence is:

answer

UNCLEAR

question

Men between which ages are more prone to violence?

answer

16-24

question

Approximately ______ of female inmates are currently incarcerated for violent offenses.

answer

ONE THIRD

question

According to Sykes, the greater the degree of solidarity among inmates within the inmate social system, the:

answer

KESS SEVERELY THE PAINS OF IMPRISIONMENT ARE FELT

question

Correctional leaders have found the best way to weaken prison gangs is to:

answer

TRANSFER GANG MEMBERS TO ANOTHER INSTITUTION

question

Responsibility of housing federal pretrial detainees belongs to:

answer

THE MARSHALS SERVICE

question

The sharing of myths, slang, customs, rewards, and sanctions of a smaller, isolated, separate group of people in society is called: The prison is recognized as a functioning community with its own values, roles, language and customs. This is also known as a prison ____________.

answer

SUBCULTURE

question

Most prisons employ a __________ model.

answer

CUSTODIAL

question

America's oldest prison was built in 1798. This prison was located in what city in New Jersey:

answer

TRENTON

question

Most prison violence which occurs on a regular basis is between inmates and _________.

answer

INMATES

question

A far larger portion of correctional budgets goes to institutions for:

answer

MEN

question

The adaptive role within prison where inmates see the period in prison as a temporary break in their criminal careers is known as: When an inmate views his/her incarceration as a temporary break in their criminal career, their adaptive role is known as:

answer

DOING TIME

question

In the wake of the Civil Rights Movement, prisoners demanded their constitutional rights as:

answer

CITIZENS

question

Racist __________ have become part of the inmate code and is sometimes forced upon inmates merely by association.

answer

ATTITUDES

question

A principal feature in prison society which reinforces the norms and roles of the social system and influences the nature of interpersonal relationships is known as:

answer

AN UNDERGROUND ECONOMY

question

As state's deal with severe budgetary problems the future of private prisons is:

answer

UNCERTAIN

question

Today's prison construction is greatly influenced by

answer

COST

question

Elizabeth Farnham, head matron of the women's wing at Sing Sing from 1844, tried to implement reform ideas for female prisoners and

answer

WAS THWARTED BY THE MALE OVERSEERS AND LEGISLATORS

question

In prison, gangs are organized primarily to:

answer

ALL OF THESE

question

In 2003 the Prison Rape Elimination Act was created in order to:

answer

GATHER NATIONAL STATISTICS ON PRISION RAPE

question

The prison design most often used for female and juvenile inmates is:

answer

CAMPUS STYLE

question

Until recently _______on the question of private prison cost effectiveness has been lacking.

answer

RESEARCH

question

Generally, women's prisons lack not only adequate vocational and educational programs but also

answer

ALL OF THESE

question

__________ are employees who are directly concerned with furthering the institution's goals and are in direct contact with clients.

answer

LINE PERSONNEL

question

According to the authors, unionization of correctional officers has brought:

answer

ALL OF THESE

question

Correctional officers often rely on __________ to gain cooperation.

answer

ALL OF THESE

question

A majority of inmates under correctional authority have a history of ________problems.

answer

ALL OF THESE

question

An institution's main contact with the outside world is:

answer

THE WARDEN

question

The way someone behaves in accordance with an order or directive given by another person is:

answer

COMPLIANCE

question

The doctrine that persons having been convicted of wrongful behavior should not be eligible for social benefits beyond the bare minimum required by law is known as the:

answer

PRINCIPLE OF LEAST ELIGIBILITY

question

According to Quinlan, the most important ingredient in managing a safe & secure institution is:

answer

ALL OF THESE

question

According to inmates, if you want to be paroled you are required to:

answer

BE IN A PROGRAM

question

__________ has been described as a "transient state between liberty and recommitment.

answer

REENTRY

question

A range of punishments are given to inmates for disciplinary reasons when they are unruly. One such punishment is:

answer

ERASING GOOD TIME CREDITS

question

Characteristics of inmate populations of many prisons began to change in the:

answer

MID 1940S

question

Correctional officers sometimes feel that:

answer

ALL OF THESE

question

If a shakedown were to occur in a prison, who would give the directive?

answer

THE WARDEN

question

Which of the following is not a union for correctional officers today?

answer

AMERICAN FEDERATION OF CORRECTIONAL EMPLOYEES

question

Pell grants are no longer available to prisoners, this program had provided:

answer

COLLEGE LOANS

question

Recent research has indicated that rehabilitation can work if __________ are/is focused upon.

answer

ALL OF THESE

question

One key purpose of prison labor is to:

answer

ALL OF THESE

question

Classification may occur at which of the following stages?

answer

ALL OF THESE

question

The warden's job security rests on her or his ability to

answer

RUN THE INSTITUTION EFFICIENTLY

question

Inmate labor has been sold to private employers:

answer

FROM THE FIRST DAYS OF PRISON

question

What is the primary incentive for being a corrections officer?

answer

THE SECURITY OF A CIVIL SERVICE JOB

question

Classification committees often revert to stereotypes rather than diagnostic criteria in assignment inmates. They often recognize which of the following stereotypes:

answer

ALL OF THESE

question

A process by which inmates can be grouped according to custody requirements and program needs is known as:

answer

CLASSIFICATION

question

A management principle that holds that a supervisor can effectively oversee only a limited number of subordinates is known as:

answer

SPAN OF CONTROL

question

A structure established for the purpose of influencing behavior in order to achieve particular ends is known as a/an:

answer

FORMAL ORGANIZATION

question

People's problems decline when they behave more responsibly. This is a core tenet of:

answer

REALITY THERAPY

question

__________ is based on the assumptions of indeterminate sentences and rehabilitative programs.

answer

DISCRETIONARY RELEASE

question

Prisoner education is more available and often times required for which group of offenders?

answer

JUVENILE OFFENDERS

question

The relationship between staff and prisoners which focuses on material goods and written correspondence is one of:

answer

EXCHANGE

question

Educational programs in prison do not include:

answer

FEDERAL FUNDING FOR POST SECONDARY EDUCATION

question

Most inmate rule violations are handled by:

answer

AN INSTITUTIONAL DISCIPLINARY COMMITTEE

question

Recreational programs have two primary purposes. They include socialization and _________.

answer

SELF IMAGE ENHANCEMENT

question

_________services frequently take the form of group or individual counseling sessions rather than intensive therapy.

answer

PSYCHOLOGICAL PROGRAMS

question

According to the author, A majority of correctional officers are:

answer

FROM RURAL SETTINGS

question

The general public is often __________ to creative programming for inmates.

answer

HOSTILE

question

In a highly authoritarian prison, treatment goals are:

answer

LESS IMPORTANT

question

_________ are central to prisoner control because correctional officers cannot have total control over the inmates.

answer

NEGOTIATIONS

question

A form of power that stresses the application or threat of physical force is known as:

answer

COERCIVE POWER

question

Because of ______, many states have devised ways to get around the rigidity of mandatory release.

answer

PRISON POPULATION GROWTH

question

Over the past 40 years, federal courts, the 1964 Civil Rights Act, and affirmative action programs have dramatically changed the __________composition of the correctional officer force

answer

RACIAL AND GENDER

question

A parole board organized inside a department of corrections is an example of a/an __________ parole board.

answer

CONSOLIDATED

question

After an inmate has served time equal to the total sentence minus "good time," if any, he or she will receive:

answer

MADATORY RELEASE

question

Which of the following is not a formal organization?

answer

ALL OF THESE ARE FORMAL ORGANIZATIONS

question

An inmate's eligibility for release into community supervision depends on requirements set by the law and _________.

answer

SENTENCE STATUS

question

What category of personnel comprises the majority of an institution's employees?

answer

CUSTODIAL

question

Administrators use prison programs as incentives for

answer

GOOD BEHAVIOR

question

Behavior that blurs the social distance between prison staff and inmates is known as:

answer

BOUNDARY VIOLATION

question

prison maintenance jobs constitute an elaborate pecking order of assignments and reveal something about which of the following:

answer

ALL OF THESE

question

The most extraordinary health problem in contemporary corrections often based on mandatory sentencing, determinate sentencing and truth in sentencing is:

answer

AGING

question

Research shows that the death penalty is more likely to be imposed when:

answer

THE VICTIM IS WHITE

question

Since 1976 the number of people facing the death penalty has:

answer

INCREASED

question

"The Iron Law of Prison Populations" refers to the size of a prison population determined by the number of people who are sent to prison and ___________.

answer

THEIR LENGTH OF STAY

question

Community justice attempts to:

answer

TAILOR STRATEGIES INDIVIDUALLY

question

A consequence of the view of differential criminality would be that

answer

THE VIEW IS VULNERABLE TO CHARGES OF RACISM AND IT WOULD MEAN THE CREATION OF A "CRIMINAL CLASS" OF PEOPLE WHO ARE DANGEROUS

question

In Atkins v. Virginia the Supreme Court ruled that:

answer

EXECUTING THE MENTALLY RETARDED IS UNCONSTITUTIONAL

question

Research has shown that, when compared with traditional criminal justice, restorative justice programs result in greater _________for both victims and offenders.

answer

SATISFACTION

question

Criminal justice officials make a variety of decisions that disadvantage minority males. These include:

answer

ALL OF THESE

question

In the 1960s, most people agreed that the primary mission of corrections was:

answer

REHABILITAION

question

__________ seeks to reestablish victim, offender, and community to a level of functioning that existed before the criminal event. -

answer

RESTORITIVE JUSTICE

question

Consular officials must be notified when:

answer

A FOREIGN NATIONAL IS ARRESTED

question

Executions, in most parts of the country, were carried out in public until the:

answer

1830S

question

An innovative neighborhoodbased approach for reducing crime and increasing public safety is: -

answer

COMMUNITY SURVEILLANCE

question

According to the author, Most correctional administrators find that their greatest frustrations lie in:

answer

LACK OF INTERGENCY PARTNERSHIPS

question

The community justice strategy of __________ seeks to change places where crime occurs.

answer

ENVIRONMENTAL CRIME PREVENTION

question

Compared to the 1970s, those who go to prison serve sentences that are:

answer

NEARLY TWICE AS LONG

question

A constitutional and traditional bulwark of our government is:

answer

THE SEPERATION OF POWERS

question

A structural problem with corrections is that the system depends on significant factors:

answer

OUTSIDE OF ITS CONTROL

question

A national clearinghouse of information about correctional practices is:

answer

THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF CORRECTIONS

question

Corrections lacks a clear:

answer

MISSION

question

In recent years there has been a dramatic growth in what type of studies?

answer

PROGRAM EFFECTIVENESS

question

The community policing movement had become enormously successful by the end of the:

answer

1990S

question

According to the author, Until the mid 1700s criminal punishment in Europe and American colonies focused on the offender's body. It also focused on which of the following: -

answer

ALL OF THESE

question

By the 1990's, approximately _______percent of law enforcement agencies focused their efforts towards community policing practices.

answer

80

question

Leadership studies suggest that:

answer

SKILLS MUST FIT THE SITUATION

question

After 1935 the number of executions began to:

answer

DECLINE

question

People in poor communities tend to tell researchers that they want:

answer

FOR PEOPLE NOT TO GO TO PRISON

question

Analysts argue that public opinion for the death penalty is:

answer

SOMEWHAT CONFUSING

question

Corrections' main resource is:

answer

PERSONNEL

question

Opponents of the death penalty argue that only ___________ has the right to take a life:

answer

GOD

question

In other western democracies the death penalty has been:

answer

ABOLISHED

question

Current case law indicates that capital punishment is legal

answer

AS LONG AS ITS IMPOSED FAIRLY

question

As a philosophy, community justice is based on the pursuit of justice that goes beyond the three traditional tasks which are:

answer

ALL OF THESE

question

It took approximately how long for Angel Diaz to die by lethal injection in Florida:

answer

30 MINUTES

question

A new force for steady correctional growth and development that is likely to outstrip professional association and government agencies is:

answer

YOU

question

Because of the heinous nature of the crime, several states have sought to enact laws permitting use of the death penalty for adults who _________________.

answer

RAPE A CHILD

question

A potential threat to administrators' ability to manage the correctional system is:

answer

PRIVATIZATION

question

The growth of new and innovative community justice projects has been remarkably:

answer

FAST

question

In which case was it ruled that offenders can not receive the death sentence if they were under 18 at the time of the crime?

answer

ROPER V. SIMMONS

question

_______________are those areas where crime seems constant; community policing attempts to change the dynamic of those areas.

answer

HOT SPOTS

question

Environmental crime prevention specialists work to change

answer

THE PLACES CRIME TENDS TO OCCUR

question

In terms of culture, the United States is:

answer

A MOSAIC

question

_________________is mutual trust among neighbors combined with the willingness to intervene for the common good.

answer

COLLECTIVE EFFICACY

question

In Ford v. Wainwright the Supreme Court ruled that _________should not be executed.

answer

THE INSANE

question

Most police departments said they practiced some form of:

answer

COMMUNITY POLICING

question

African Americans make up 40 percent of the prison population but __________ of all U.S. residents.

answer

13 PERCENT

question

A recent trend that aims to improve agency coordination is:

answer

PARTNERSHIPS

question

Identifying different areas where crime is most concentrated is known as:

answer

CRIME MAPPING

question

If the correctional mission is unclear, the best correctional strategies and techniques often:

answer

DO NOT SEEM TO WORK

question

___________ adults have committed a serious offense in their lifetime.

answer

MOST

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