question

Building on Theory

answer

• Theories of cognition in school-age children have been used to structure education.

question

Concrete operational thought:

answer

- Piaget's term for the ability to reason logically about direct experiences & perceptions. - Preschool rehearsal needed less with development of school age logic.

question

Seriation:

answer

arranging in logical series.

question

Identity

answer

- Certain characteristics of an object remain the same even if other characteristics change.

question

Reversibility

answer

- A thing that has been changed can sometimes be returned to its original state by reversing the process by which it was changed.

question

Vygotsky & School-Age Children

answer

- Educators should consider thought processes & application of acquired knowledge of the child. - Improvement over the meaningless acquisition, rote memorization, curriculum that dominated education in his day.

question

The Role of Instruction

answer

- Vygotsky regarded instruction by others as crucial. • Teachers & peers provide bridge between the child's developmental potential & the necessary skill & knowledge. • other people are crucial in the zone of proximal development. • Cultures, tools, customs, people, teach people. • Some cultures emphasize learning by observation, others by direct instruction, U.S.

question

Information-processing-theory

answer

- cognition as the functioning of a computer

question

Memory

answer

- Sensory register - Working memory - Long-term memory

question

Long-term memory

answer

component of the information-processing system in which limitless amounts of information can be stored indefinitely.

question

Speed & knowledge

answer

- Speed of thinking increases throughout the first two decades of life.

question

Automatization:

answer

ability to perform mental/behavioral processes with little thought • ex. tying shoe.

question

Language

answer

• Language advances rapidly before middle childhood. • By age 6 children have mastered most of the basic vocabulary & grammar of their first language. • School-age children can learn up to 20 new words a day.

question

Language acquisition is helped by increases in:

answer

• logic • flexibility • memory • speed of thinking

question

Vocabulary

answer

• School-age children are more flexible & logical in their knowledge & use of vocabulary, understanding metaphors, prefixes, suffixes, & compound words.

question

Two "Codes" of Language

answer

• Formal Code: • Informal code:

question

Formal Code

answer

used in school & other "formal" situations - Extensive vocabulary - Complex syntax - Lengthy sentences

question

Informal code

answer

language used with friends - Fewer words, simpler syntax • ex. text messaging - Gestures & intonation convey meaning - Vital for social acceptance

question

Tones and Tricks

answer

• By 10 years of age, children learn to understand the nuances of language, tone, sarcasm, puns. • Ex: 10 year olds recognized that saying "I lost my stickers" in a happy voice is strange.

question

School-age children:

answer

- great learners - develop strategies - accumulate knowledge - apply logic, & think quickly - 90% of children worldwide are now in school

question

Hidden curriculum Examples:

answer

discipline strategies, teacher salaries, class size, testing, schedules, emphasis on sports, segregation by ethnicity, physical condition of the school

question

The outcome of Hidden curriculum

answer

- Most parents, teachers, & political leaders believe that children are learning what they need.

question

International Tests

answer

• International comparisons of achievement have found that the United States is not among the top scoring developed nations.

question

Education in Japan - Harold Stevenson documented key aspects that help Japanese students:

answer

- Strong parental involvement. - Teachers paid well, given time to prepare. - Longer school days. - Effort is highly valued . • Unfortunately, the strong emphasis on education has caused a phobia of school for too many Japanese children. • The government is now working towards a more "relaxed education."

question

Education Wars & Assumptions

answer

- Adults differ in their beliefs about what children should learn, & how. • The Reading Wars • phonics approach - Teaching reading by first teaching the sounds of each letter & of various letter combinations.

question

Mathematic instruction in the U.S. has become problematic.

answer

- Economic development depends on science & technology-math is crucial here. - N. American and W. European students are weaker in math than other areas, especially E. Asia - Many children hate math & feel intimidated by it. • 10 year old should be able to do calculations on 3+ digit numbers.

question

Other Assumptions in the educational landscape.

answer

- Children learn from homework. - Smaller classrooms size is not necessarily better - Raising teacher salaries improves professional education. - Extending school hours.

question

bilingual schooling

answer

A strategy in which school subjects are taught in both the learner's original language and the second, majority, language.

question

classification

answer

The logical principle that things can be organized into groups, or categories or classes, according to some characteristic they have in common.

question

Trends in Math and Science Study, TIMSS

answer

An international assessment of the math & science skills of 4th- & 8th-graders. Although the TIMSS is very useful, different countries' scores are not always comparable because sample selection, test administration, & content validity are hard to keep uniform.

question

control processes

answer

Mechanisms, including selective attention, metacognition, & emotional regulation, that combine memory, processing speed, & knowledge to regulate the analysis & flow of information within the information-processing system. • Also called executive processes. - mechanisms that combine: • selective attention • Metacognition, thinking about one's own knowledge/thinking • emotional regulation

question

ELLs, English Language Learners

answer

Children in the United States whose proficiency in English is low--usually below a cutoff score on an oral or written test. This term replaces ESL, English as a Second Language, because many children who primarily speak a non-English language at home are also capable in English; they are not ELLs.

question

charter school

answer

A public school with its own set of standards that is funded & licensed by the state or local district in which it is located.

question

hidden curriculum

answer

The unofficial, unstated, or implicit rules and priorities that influence the academic curriculum & every other aspect of learning in a school.

question

transitive inference

answer

The ability to figure out the unspoken link between one fact & another. • if A>B>C. then is A>C?

question

sensory memory

answer

The component of the information-processing system in which incoming stimulus information is stored for a split second to allow it to be processed. • Also called the sensory register. • detection of stimulus by any of the 5 senses.

question

working memory

answer

The component of the information-processing system in which current conscious mental activity occurs. • Formerly called short-term memory.

question

knowledge base

answer

A body of knowledge in a particular area that makes it easier to master new information in that area.

question

immersion

answer

A strategy in which instruction in all school subjects occurs in the second, usually the majority, language that a child is learning.

question

National Assessment of Educational Progress, NAEP

answer

An ongoing & nationally representative measure of U.S. children's achievement in reading, mathematics, & other subjects over time • nicknamed "the Nation's Report Card."

question

metacognition

answer

"Thinking about thinking," or the ability to evaluate a cognitive task in order to determine how best to accomplish it, and then to monitor & adjust one's performance on that task.

question

home schooling

answer

Education in which children are taught at home, usually by their parents.

question

pragmatics

answer

The practical use of language that includes the ability to adjust language communication according to audience & context. • Advances markedly in middle childhood; the use of language, including communication with varied audiences in different contexts.

question

No Child Left Behind Act

answer

A U.S. law enacted in 2001 that was intended to increase accountability in education by requiring states to qualify for federal educational funding by administering standardized tests to measure school achievement.

question

private school

answer

A school funded by tuition charges, endowments, & often religious or other non-profit sponsors.

question

phonics approach

answer

Teaching reading by first teaching the sounds of each letter & of various letter combinations.

question

Progress in International Reading Literacy Study, PIRLS

answer

Inaugurated in 2001, a planned 5-year cycle of international trend studies in the reading ability of fourth-graders.

question

whole-language approach

answer

Teaching reading by encouraging early use of all language skills--talking and listening, reading & writing.

question

voucher

answer

Public subsidy for tuition payment at a non-public school. Vouchers vary a great deal from place to place, not only in amount & availability, but in restrictions as to who gets them & what schools accept them.

question

1. When Piaget referred to concrete operational thoughts, he meant logic applied in situations that:

answer

deal with visible, tangible, real things.

question

2. Carly is given grapes and strawberries. When asked if she has more grapes or fruit, she responds, "I have more fruits." Carly is using the logical concept of:

answer

classification

question

3. By what age can most children classify objects they see?

answer

7

question

4. Piaget stressed the ______________, whereas Vygotsky stressed the _________________.

answer

child's own discovery of concepts; importance of instruction by others

question

5. __________ memory stores incoming stimulus information for a split second to allow it to be processed.

answer

Sensory

question

6. Which age group would find the classic joke: "Why did the chicken cross the road?" funny?

answer

school-age children

question

7. Many children use codes in their text messages. The use of these codes in this context indicates the child understands:

answer

pragmatics

question

8. The unrecognized rules and priorities that influence a child's learning in school are called the:

answer

hidden curriculum.

question

9. Juanita speaks Spanish. She is learning to speak English. In her third-grade classroom, school subjects are taught in both English and Spanish. This method of teaching a second language is:

answer

bilingual education.

question

10. Internationally, girls are slightly ahead in ______ skills and boys in ______.

answer

verbal; math

question

11. Children who learn the sound of each alphabet letter and combinations of letters to decipher simple words are learning to read by the _______ approach.

answer

phonics

question

12. Historically, math instruction has ______________, whereas today many educators would like math instruction to _________________.

answer

involved memorizing math facts, rules, and processes; be more active and engaging

question

13. According to research, the best way to teach reading is by using:

answer

• a systematic phonics approach in the early grades. • the whole-language approach with students older than age 9 when reading is connected to literature, history, and science. • a variety of methods and strategies.

question

14. Advocates of _________ would support a child whose invented spelling of "lady" was "lade."

answer

the phonics approach

question

15. The two distinct reading methods are the ________ approach and the _______ approach.

answer

phonics; whole-language

question

16. According to Piaget, the stage of thinking that is characteristic of middle childhood is:

answer

concrete operational.

question

17. Piaget's term for the ability to reason logically about direct experiences is "____________ thought."

answer

concrete operational

question

18. The logical principle that things can be organized into groups or categories according to some characteristic that they have in common is:

answer

classification

question

19. Five-year-old Franz can count to 100, but he cannot correctly estimate where 22 is placed on a number line that starts at 0 and ends at 100. This means that Franz is having problems with:

answer

seriation

question

20. Vygotsky's emphasis on the importance of culture teaching children:

answer

has been supported by research conducted throughout the world.

question

21. DeShawn is typical of some school-age children. He learns up to ___ words per day.

answer

20

question

22. Marisol has learned to speak formally with adults and informally (using slang) with her friends. She has learned:

answer

the pragmatics of language.

question

23. At what age can most children demonstrate rapid and fluent oral reading, more than 100 words per minute?

answer

11-12

question

24. The arrangement in which children who do not speak English are placed together and given an intensive course in basic English so that they can be educated in the same classroom as native English speakers is called:

answer

English as a second language, ESL, instruction.

question

25. What is a factor that affects adult linguistic input and later child output?

answer

socioeconomic status of the family and of the minority group

question

26. Inaugurated in 2001, a planned _____ cycle of international trend studies in the reading ability of fourth-graders is called the Progress in International Reading Literacy Study, PIRLS.

answer

five-year

question

27. Results received from international achievement tests are considered problematic because:

answer

sample selection and test administration are not consistent.

question

28. Children who learn to read when their brains are ready as a result of talking, listening, reading, and writing experiences are being taught to read using the _________ approach.

answer

whole-language

question

29. The term "math wars" refers to a:

answer

disagreement between those who want more emphasis on teaching basic math skills and those who want emphasis on a broader, more conceptual understanding of math.

question

30. An obvious manifestation of the hidden curriculum is:

answer

the school's physical condition.

Ch. 12 PSY 330 – Infant and Child Development – Flashcards

Unlock all answers in this set

Haven't found what you were looking for?

Search for samples, answers to your questions and flashcards