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1. A _____ is best described as any unlearned response triggered by a specific form of stimulation

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a. reflex

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2. Newborn crying typically involves

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c.agitation and uncoordinated movements.

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3. Why are African-American babies twice as likely to die from SIDS?

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d.They are more likely to be put to bed on their stomachs.

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4. What criterion is used to indicate malnourishment in children under age five?.

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c. Small size

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5. The neural plate ultimately forms the

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a. brain and spinal cord.

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6. Which best exemplifies experience-expectant growth?

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a. The fact that all infants hear language sounds, which leads to language development

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7. To locomote is to

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d. move.

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8. The process by which the brain receives selects, modifies, and organizes incoming nerve impulses is referred to as,

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a. perception.

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9. The fact that an infant's perception of a stimulus is best if it stimulates more than one sense simultaneously is best described as

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c. intersensory redundancy.

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10. Jeffrey is a three-year-old who is beginning to make connections between people's thoughts intentions, and behaviors. According to Wellman (2002), Jeffrey is developing,

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a. a theory of mind.

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11. The threadlike structures in the nucleus of a cell that contain genetic material are called

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a. chromosomes.

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12. How many DNA molecules are typically contained in each human chromosome?

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a. 1

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13. Genes provide the cell with a specific set of _________ instructions.

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b. biochemical

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14. The period of the _______ lasts for approximately two weeks.

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b. Zygote

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15. The uniting of the egg and sperm (conception) typically takes place in the

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c. fallopian tube.

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16. The placenta

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d. allows for an exchange of nutrients and waste.

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17. A teratogen is any agent that

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a. results in abnormal prenatal development.

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18. The process in which defective cells in the body are replaced with cells that have had the genetic defect "repaired" is called

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b. genetic engineering.

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19. The cutoff between normal and low birth weight is about ____ pounds.

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b. 5.5

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20. Infant mortality rate is defined as the percentage of infants who die

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c. before their first birthday.

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21. The notion that development is best described in terms of a series of abrupt shifts in behavior best fits with the _____ approach.

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d. discontinuity

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22. According to your text which kind of developmental force has received the most attention?

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c. Psychological

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23. Which is a problem encountered by researchers assessing the effects of sociocultural forces?

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c. Changing ethnic labels (e.g. black American to African American)

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24. A _________ is an organized set of ideas that is designed to explain development.

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a. theory

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25. The epigenetic principle is a key component of ___________ theory.

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d. Psychosocial

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26. An effective punishment

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c. reduces the likelihood that a behavior will occur in the future.

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27. Who developed social cognitive theory?

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d. Bandura

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28. Multidirectionality plasticity, historical context, and multiple causation are all key features of the ________ perspective.

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a. life-span

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29. Who is best associated with psychosocial theory?

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a. Erikson

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30. Whose theory is best associated with a life-span perspective emphasizing research on adult development?

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b. Baltes

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1. Piaget described a scheme as a psychological structure that

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a. organizes experience.

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2. Piaget used the term ____ to describe the difficulty children often have in taking another person's perspective.

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d. egocentrism

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3. Animism occurs when lifelike properties are attributed to

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c. animals.

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4. The belief that all living things have an unseen essence that gives them identity is referred to as

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b. essentialism

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5. By definition attention determines

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c. which sensory information receives additional cognitive processing.

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6. ____ could be defined as a diminished response to a familiar stimulus.

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c. Habituation

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7. Pavlov's research involving a dog salivation, and a bell is correctly associated with ____ theory.

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c. classical conditioning

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8. The ____ principle of counting states that there must be only one number name for each item counted.

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a. one-to-one

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9. The mutual shared understanding among participants in an activity is referred to as

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a. intersubjectivity.

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10. According to Vygotsky ____ speech is another term for thought.

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b. inner

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11. The unique sounds that are combined to create spoken words are called

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c. phonemes.

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12. Motherese is also known as ____ speech.

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d. infant-directed

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13. The processes in which children acquire new words at such a speed that they cannot be considering all meanings for the new word is called

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d. fast-mapping

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14. When a word is used too broadly ____ is taking place.

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d. overextension

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15. A child whose vocabulary is dominated by names of objects actions, or persons is said to have a(n) ____ style.

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c. referential

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16. Autonomy is most synonymous with

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a. independence

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17. Which is the last of Bowlby's four phases in the growth of attachment?

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a. Reciprocal relationships

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18. Which statement on parent-infant early relationships is true?

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a. Mothers tend to spend more time reading to infants

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19. Which assessment device would be more effective at identifying an infant's attachment style?

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d. Q-Set

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20. Which would not be considered a basic emotion?

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a. Pride

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21. A frown is a _____ manifestation of an emotion.

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c. behavioral

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22. According to Lewis (2000) the only two emotions experienced by newborns are

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d. pleasure and distress.

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23. Pride embarrassment, and guilt are all examples of

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b. complex emotions

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24. Children typically begin to exhibit simple social play around ____ months of age.

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a. 18

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25. While the typical 1 1/2-year-old spends the majority of time engaged in ____ play the typical 4-year-old spends most of his or her time in ____ play.

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b. parallel; cooperative

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26. Basic acts of altruistic behavior first appear around ____ months of age.

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b. 18

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27. Parents who incorporate ____ into their discipline are most likely to encourage altruistic behavior.

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a. reasoning

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28. A social role is best described as

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a. a cultural guideline for interacting with other people.

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29. Which aspect of understanding gender is a child likely to demonstrate last?

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c. Gender constancy

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30. Results from the Family Lifestyles Project indicate that children raised by counterculture parents are different from children raised by parents with more traditional values in that

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a. they have few stereotypes regarding occupations.

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1. Working memory is best described as being

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a. temporary and limited in capacity.

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2. Which most accurately describes long-term memory?

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d. Permanent and unlimited capacity

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3. The first memory strategy acquired by most children is

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d. rehearsal.

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4. Who is best associated with a theory of "multiple intelligences?"

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c. Howard Gardner

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5. Which type of intelligence is best associated with Daniel Goleman?

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b. Emotional

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6. ____ ability involves the realization that a solution will actually work.

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c. Practical

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7. By definition intellectual disability involves both a below-average intelligence and

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c. poor adaptive behaviors.

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8. The drug Ritalin that is often prescribed for children with ADHD is a type of

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b. stimulant

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9. In reading the process of identifying a unique pattern of letters is called

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c. word recognition.

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10. _____ is defined as the ability to hear the distinctive sounds of letters.

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a. Phonological awareness c.

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11. Knowledge-telling and knowledge-transforming are types of _____ strategies.

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d. writing

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12. Which is not a typical characteristic of a school that produces high-achieving students?

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d. A heavy emphasis on nonacademic activities

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13. Which statement concerning sex differences in height at age 11 is most accurate?

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a. At age 11 females tend to be slightly taller than males.

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14. Which task would an average elementary-age girl perform better than an average elementary-age boy?

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b. Writing her name in cursive

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15. Which statement about youth sports is true?

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d. Sports involvement can lead to improved social skills.

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16. The two main dimensions of parental behavior are

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c. warmth and control.

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17. Children who are aggressive tend to come from families with _________ parenting styles.

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b. uninvolved or authoritarian

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18. _____ occurs when a parent tells a child what to dowhen to do it, and why it should be done.

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d. Direct instruction

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19. By far the most frequent sort of child abuse would be categorized as

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a. neglect.

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20. Which social condition appears to foster maltreatment of children?

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b. Poverty

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21. A child who is able to respond resourcefully in a new situation is said to have high levels of

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a. ego resilience

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22. A friendship is both

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d. voluntary and mutual.

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23. Which aspect of friendship tends to be new to children aged 8-11?

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b. Trust

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24. The fact that friends spend a lot of time discussing personal problems is referred to as

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a. co-rumination.

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25. In a group based on a dominance hierarchy you can expect

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c. a single leader.

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26. Which best describes hostile aggression?

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b. Unprovoked attempt to humiliate

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27. Children who watch more _____ on TV seem better prepared to enter school than preschoolers who watch less frequently.

answer

b. Sesame Street

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28. Which statement is most accurate regarding the cognitive impact of watching television?

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b. There is no strong evidence that TV watching by itself has negative effects on children.

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29. The use of ________ in descriptions of people tends to increase as we age.

answer

b. personality traits

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30. In what stage of perspective-taking are children most egocentric?

answer

c. Undifferentiated

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