question

Bourgeoisie

answer

Marx's term for the capitalists or owners of industry

question

Classical Theory

answer

Contained in the writings of Beccaria and Bentham, these theories assume that criminals are rational actors who weigh the pleasure and pain of an activity

question

Demonological Theory

answer

Assumes that supernatural forces cause and control crime commission

question

Ecological School

answer

School of thought that posits that crime is caused by environmental or geographic forces

question

Economic Theory

answer

Influenced by the writings of Karl Marx and views inequality and capitalism as the causes of crime

question

Hedonism

answer

A pleasure-seeking philosophy

question

Neoclassical Theory

answer

New classical theories that view crime as influenced by criminal opportunities to commit crime

question

Proletariat

answer

Refers to the working class in Marx's writings

question

Which of the following would an adherent of the neoclassical school propose?

answer

Three Strikes Legislation

question

____________ proposes that offenders weigh the opportunities, costs, and benefits of particular crimes?

answer

Rational Choice Theory

question

Human ecology deals with the interrelationship between human organisms and the physical environment. (T/F)

answer

TRUE

question

The first researcher to take advantage of criminal statistics was?

answer

Quetelet

question

An example of the neoclassical school is the rational choice perspective. (T/F)

answer

TRUE

question

The ecological school of criminology is also referred to as what?

answer

Geographic

question

Which theorists is not considered to be one of the three major thinkers who have inspired criminological theory?

answer

Quetelet

question

Which criminological theory focuses on the concepts of free will and rationality?

answer

Classical

question

Which of the following criminologists proposed that punishment should be sure, swift, and certain?

answer

Caesar Beccaria

question

The prevention of crime by keeping criminals behind bars is known as rehabilitation. (T/F)

answer

FALSE

question

Which of the following is considered to be the first of a series of developments in criminological theory?

answer

The Hammurabi Code

question

Which scientists are not associated with the development of criminological theory?

answer

Einstein

question

Which theory attributes criminality to supernatural causes?

answer

Demonological

question

Hedonism is also known as the pleasure principle. (T/F)

answer

TRUE

question

Willem Bonger was the first theorist to apply Marxist views to criminology. (T/F)

answer

TRUE

question

Ecological Fallacy

answer

A problem in which group rates are used in order to describe individual behavior

question

Anomie

answer

A moral confusion or breakdown in mores or a gap between goals and means in society

question

Natural Areas

answer

According to the Chicago school, these are subcommunities that emerge to serve specific, specialized functions

question

Chicago School

answer

A school of sociology in the 1920s and 1930s that produced many urban ecological and ethnographic studies of Chicago

question

Soft Determinism

answer

Theories that indicate that certain forces have an influence but do not determine behavior

question

Modes of Personality Adaptation

answer

Part of Merton's theory of anomie that results in personality adaptations: conformist, innovator, ritualist, retreatist, and rebel

question

Desistance

answer

In life course criminality theory, the quitting or cessation of criminal activity

question

Developmental and Life Course Theories (DLC)

answer

Espouse the belief that criminal activity changes over an individual's lifetime from onset to persistence to desistance

question

Differential Association Theory

answer

Sutherland's theory that crime is learned due to exposure to an excess of contacts that advocate criminal behavior

question

Focal Concerns

answer

Miller's theory of crime that reflects an overemphasis on lower-class values

question

Looking-Glass Self

answer

Cooley's theory of personality as a perceived perception of the reaction of others

question

Lower-Class Reaction Theory

answer

Cohen's theory that delinquency involves a lower-class reaction to unachievable middle-class values

question

Modes of Personality Adaptation

answer

Espouse the belief that criminal activity changes over an individual's lifetime from onset to persistence to desistance

question

Power-Control Theory

answer

In egalitarian households, both boys and girls have more similar delinquency levels

question

Social Bond Theory

answer

People become criminal when their stakes in society are broken

question

Social Control Theories

answer

View crime as taking place when social control or bonds to society break down

question

Social Disorganization Theory

answer

Shaw and McKay's theory that crime is due to social disorganization and social breakdown of an area

question

Delinquency and Drift

answer

Matza's theory that delinquents exist in a limbo wherein they drift back and forth between delinquency and conventionality

question

Subterranean Values

answer

Underground values that exist alongside conventional values

question

Human Ecology

answer

The study of the interrelationship between human organisms and the physical environment

question

Techniques of Neutralization

answer

Rationalizations (excuses) used by juveniles to explain away responsibility for their actions

question

Containment Therory

answer

Reckless's theory that crime takes place when pressures are high and containments (protections) are low

question

Antisocial Potential (AP)

answer

Farrington's notion that bad life events increase one's antisocial disposition

question

Differential Opportunity Theory

answer

Cloward and Ohlin's theory that crime takes place due to a lack of legitimate opportunity and is also due to the availability of illegitimate opportunities

question

Subcultural Theories

answer

Theories that view the type of crime as due to various forms of delinquent subcultures

question

Gottfredson and Hirschi's general theory of crime would argue that _______ is the key predictor of criminality.

answer

Low Self Control

question

All of the following were identified as types of illegitimate juvenile subcultures except?

answer

Class

question

The ecological fallacy attributes group characteristics to individuals. (T/F)

answer

TRUE

question

Who is/are the theorist/s associated with Social Disorganization Theory?

answer

Shaw and McKay

question

Developmental life course theories argue that the onset of crime occurs in which age range?

answer

8-14

question

One of the assumptions of ________ posits that crime in teenage years tend to take place in groups.

answer

Developmental / life course

question

An example of the technique of neutralization, denying harm to anyone, is associated with victimless crimes. (T/F)

answer

TRUE

question

Which of the following theories is considered to be the most popular in the U.S. criminology?

answer

Differential Association

question

Which of the following is a version of social control theory?

answer

Containment Theory

question

Which theory focuses on modes of personal adaptation to account for criminality?

answer

Merton's Theory of anomie

question

Farrington's anti-social personality theory suggests that very few individuals have the capacity to commit anti-social acts. (T/F)

answer

TRUE

question

According to Social Disorganization Theory, most crime occurs in Zone 1, also called the Central Business Zone. (T/F)

answer

FALSE

question

Lifestyle exposure theory proposes that the probability of crime varies by time, place, and social setting. (T/F)

answer

TRUE

question

General strain theory differs from earlier versions of strain theory in what way?

answer

Take into account negative relationships

question

Which theory revolves around the usage of longitudinal data as its primary research methodology?

answer

Life Course Theory

question

Criminal Behavior Systems

answer

A typology of crimes that looks at identification with crime, societal reaction, and group involvement

question

Criminal Typologies

answer

Attempts to identify types of crime

question

Critical Criminology

answer

Consists of a variety of perspectives that challenge basic assumptions of mainstream criminology

question

Feminist Criminology

answer

Approach that takes the view that criminology has been biased and does not express the female viewpoint

question

Global Fallacy

answer

The error of attempting to have a specific theory explain all crime

question

Labeling Theory

answer

Asserts that crime is a label attached to wrongdoing, and often the label becomes a stigma that increases criminality (also called societal reaction theory)

question

Left Realism

answer

A theoretical attempt to translate radical ideas into realistic social policy

question

Peacemaking Theory

answer

Advocates peace and justice as the solution to the crime problem

question

Postmodernism

answer

A theoretical approach that attacks modernity or scientific rationality

question

Praxis (Practical Critical Action)

answer

In Marxist theory, such action is more important than theory

question

Primary Deviance

answer

In labeling theory, this refers to the initial criminal act itself

question

Radical Marxist Criminology

answer

A theory that blames capitalism for crime and advocates violent revolution as a means of its eradication

question

Secondary Deviance

answer

Deviance that ensues as a result of a person being labeled and stigmatized as a criminal

question

Shaming Theory

answer

Offenders are made to feel humiliation due to their transgressions

question

Theoretical Range

answer

The types of crime a theory is intended to cover

question

According to radical criminologists, crime is caused by

answer

Capitalism

question

Elliott's integrative theory combines all of the following except?

answer

Differential Association

question

What are the three primary areas of study in Feminist Criminology?

answer

Victimization of Women, Gender Differences in Crime Gender Justice

question

Thornberry's interactional theory is an integration of which three theories?

answer

Control, Learning, Social Structures

question

Feminist theory argues that stigmatizing shaming of offenders makes matters worse and increases crime. (T/F)

answer

FALSE

question

The critical theory that attempts to explain criminality through a transcendental or religious approach.

answer

Peacekeeper

question

Critical criminology reflects the conflict model. (T/F)

answer

TRUE

question

___________ is the theorist most associated with the labeling theory.

answer

Tannenbaum

question

Global fallacy refers to the unit(s) of analysis and levels of explanation that may be sought in a particular theory. (T/F)

answer

FALSE

question

What is a primary critique of the use of crime typologies?

answer

No single typology is useful for all offenders

question

The focus of critical theories is on the individual and not society as a whole. (T/F)

answer

FALSE

question

The theory that suggests that individuals are deviant because they have been tagged as deviant by society.

answer

Labeling

question

Which of the following is not a type of new critical theories?

answer

Labeling

question

Quinney posits that criminal law is an instrument of the state and the ruling class to maintain and perpetuate the existing social and economic order. (T/F)

answer

TRUE

question

Which of the following is a tenet of critical criminology?

answer

Mild Pessimism

Criminal Justice Exam 2 – Flashcards

Unlock all answers in this set

Haven't found what you were looking for?

Search for samples, answers to your questions and flashcards