Adolescent psych – exam 1 – Flashcards

Plato and aristotle viewed adolescence as the third distinct stage of life, after infancy (birth to age 7) and childhood (ages 7 to 14). in their framework, adolescence extended from ages 14 to 21. Both of them viewed adolescence as the stage of life in which the capacity for reason first developed.

toward the end of the 19th century the years 1890-1920 Key changes during these years included: -the enactment of laws restricting child labor, -new requirements for children to attend secondary school, -the development of the field of adolescence as an area of scholarly study.

Adolescence is a life stage between the time puberty begins and the time adult status is approached, when young people are preparing to take on the roles and responsibilities of adulthood in their culture. 14-21

1. the age of identity explorations; people explore various possibilities in love and work Through trying out these possibilities they develop a more definite identity, of who they are, what their capabilities and limitations are, what their beliefs and values are, and how they fit into the 2. the age of instability; as emerging adults explore possibilities in love and work, their lives are often unstable. this instability is their frequent moves from one home to another. 3. the self-focused age; during these years emerging adults focus on themselves as they develop the knowledge, skills, and self-understanding they will need for adult life. they learn to make independent decisions about everything from what to have for dinner to whether or not to go to graduate school. 4. the age of feeling in-between; Most emerging adults have the subjective feeling of being in a transitional phase of life, on the way to adulthood but not there yet. This "in-between" feeling in emerging adulthood 5. the age of possibilities. when many different futures remain possible, it tends to be an age of high hopes and great expectations, in part because few of their dreams have been tested in real life.

Mead is more biological vs Hall is evolutional which happened in the passed and is happening again. Freud is is psychotherapy and has to happen.

accepting responsibility for oneself, making independent decisions, becoming financially independent, in that order. These three criteria rank highest across cultures, nations and ethnic groups and social classes.

Less than 18 anytime you do a test

in every chapter, it is emphasized that adolescents and emerging adults around the world have very different lives, depending on their culture. What it is like to be an adolescent or an emerging adult in the american middle class is different in many ways from being a young person in egypt, or Thailand, or Brazil—and also different from being a young person in certain american minority cultures, such as the urban african american

adolescents in some cultures grow up as part of a large extended family; ado- lescents in other cultures grow up in a small nuclear family and may not even have a sibling. emerging adults in some cultures have a wide range of occupational possibilities; for emerging adults in other cultures the range is narrow or nonexistent, as

Lepton triggers the hypothalamus which then starts to produce GNHR (gonadotropine releasing hormone)) Pituitary gland gets produced Gonadotropine influence the sex hormone (FHS LHS ) Influence the development of gametes When we hit a set point we stop producing GNHR

Obesity Gender differences Sex differences You see earlier onset puberty because of socioeconomic status and how advance in food production have enhanced. Avg age in US is 12.5

A measure of physical stamina called maximum oxygen uptake, or VO2 max, which reflects the ability of the body to take in oxygen and transport it to various organs, also peaks in the early 20s Grip at 20s Cardiac output at 25

early 20s are the years of highest incidence of a variety of types of disease, injury, and death due to behavior. Automobile accidents are the leading cause of death among emerging adults in developed countries, and injuries and deaths from automobile accidents are higher in the late teens and early 20s. homicide is another common cause of death. rates of contracting sexually transmitted infections, including hIV, are highest in the early 20s. substance use and abuse also peak in the early 20s Due to their behavior

Primary sex characteristics involve the production of eggs and sperm and the development of the sex organs. Secondary sex characteristics are other bodily changes of puberty, not including the ones related directly to reproduction.

J.m. Tanner do not have similarly detailed information on other ethnic and cultural groups around the world. however, the key phrase here is "given a similar environment." In reality, the environments adolescents experience differ greatly, both within and between countries. These differences have profound effects on the timing of puberty.

Cultural diets and levels of health and nutrition influence the timing of the initiation of puberty. perhaps more importantly, cultures define the meaning and significance of pubertal change in different ways. These cultural definitions in turn influence the ways that adolescents interpret and experience their passage through puberty. nutrition and medical care technologies

For girls, menarche is the pubertal event that is most often marked by ritual In many cultures, in a wide variety of cultures. menstrual blood is often believed to present a danger to the growth and life of crops,. Consequently, the behavior and movement of menstruating women are often restricted in many domains, including food preparation and consumption, social activities, religious practices, ect the Asante, a culture in the African nation of Ghana menstruating women are subject to numerous regulations concerning where they may go and what they may do, and the penalty for violating can be death. However, cele- brate girls' menarche with an elaborate ritual celebration. The menarcheal girl sits in public view under a canopy while others come before her to congratulate her, Orthodox Jews - the slap has been retired. The mikveh still exists, but today the bath has more positive connotations Puberty rituals for males do not focus on a particular biological event comparable to menarche for females, but the rites for males nevertheless share some common characteristics. young man to display courage, strength, and endurance The rituals are violent, requiring boys to submit to and sometimes engage in bloodletting. the Sambia of New Guinea, a boy climbs onto the back of a "sponsor," who runs through a gauntlet of older men who beat the boy on his back. ethiopia, boys were forced to take part in whipping. Because traditional cultures are changing rapidly in response to globalization, the traditional puberty rituals no longer seem relevant to young people

Young children are more close, doesn't happen everywhere since it's different culture by working closer. Controversial because doesn't happen in all cultures. mothers and early adolescents talked more than mothers and younger children, suggesting that parent-child communication styles shift toward talking and away from touching as puberty is reached.

Had a duty to protect innocence and protect virginity.

The effects of early maturation are especially negative for girls. early-maturing girls are at risk for numerous problems, including depressed mood, negative body image, eating disorders, substance use, delinquency, aggressive behavior, school problems, and conflict with parents Because early maturation typically leads to a shorter and heavier appearance. A second reason is that their early physical development draws the attention of older boys, who then introduce them to an older group of friends and to substance use, delinquency, and early sexual activity There is some evidence that late- maturing boys have elevated levels of substance use and de- viant behavior well into emerging adulthood

passive genotype - Situation in biological families that parents provide both genes and environment for their children, making genes and environment difficult to separate in their effects on children's development. evocative genotype environment effects- Occur when a person's inherited characteristics evoke responses from others in the environment. I.e son who started reading at age 3 and seemed to love it, you might buy him more books active genotype - Occur when people seek out environments that correspond to their genotypic characteristics. I.e the adolescent with an ear for music may ask for piano lessons;

7-11 Concrete operations Capable of using mental operations, but only in concrete, immediate experience; difficulty thinking hypothetically. 11-15/20 Formal operations Capable of thinking logically and abstractly, capable of formulating hypotheses and testing them systematically; thinking is more complex, and can think about thinking (metacognition).

The limitations of Piaget's theory of formal operations fall into two related categories: individual differences in the attainment of formal operations and the cultural basis of adolescent cognitive development.

Pragmaticism - logical thinking, practical constraints of real life situations Dialectical - doesn't have a single solution Relativism - competing view points understand both points but see which one is better.

reflective judgment The capacity to evaluate the accuracy and logical coherence of evidence and arguments.

Short term- keep in order to put in long term Working - keep for a couple of sec and then discard it. Long term- kept for a long period of time to recall. short-term memory Memory for information that is the current focus of attention. long-term memory Memory for information that is committed to longer-term storage, so that it can be drawn upon after a period when attention has not been focused on it. working memory An aspect of short-term memory that refers to where information is stored as it is comprehended and analyzed.

Crystallized - can't improve on learning new things when we get older at like 20-30 Fluid - able to learn faster (early adolescence) Fluid intelligence Mental abilities that involve speed of analyzing, processing, and reacting to information. crystallized intelligence Accumulated knowledge and enhanced judgment based on experience.

synaptic pruning Following overproduction, the process by which the number of synapses. in the brain are reduced, making brain functioning faster and more ef cient but less exible. use it or lose it myelination Process by which myelin, a blanket of fat wrapped around the main part of the neuron, grows. Myelin serves the function of keeping the brain's electrical signals on one path and increasing their speed.

Two of vygotsky's most in uential ideas are the zone of proximal development and scaffolding. The zone of proximal development is the gap between what adoles- cents can accomplish alone and what they are capable of doing if guided by an adult or a more competent peer. According to vygotsky, children and adolescents learn best if the instruction scaffolding refers to the degree of assistance provided to the adolescent in the zone of proximal development. Ac- cording to vygotsky, scaffolding should gradually decrease as children become more competent at a task.

individualistic cultures giving priority to independence and self-expression and col- lectivist cultures placing a higher value on obedience and conformity Collectivistic cultures promote the development of an interdependent self, such that people place a strong value on cooperation, mutual support, harmonious social relations, and contributions to the group

individualism is encouraged there is likely to be more creativity and more innovation, but also a higher degree of loneliness, social problems, and disorder. Under narrow socializa- tion, there may be a stronger sense of collective identity and greater social order, but at the cost of greater suppression of individual uniqueness It is important, too, to state explicitly that the concepts of individualism-collectivism and broad-narrow socialization are not meant to imply moral evaluations

The predominant beliefs in a culture about right and wrong, most important, and how life should be lived. Can include beliefs about origins of life and what happens after death. Inheritance The set of ideas and understandings, both implicit and explicit, about persons, society, nature and divinity that serve as a guide in a particular culture. It is expressed through stories, songs, rituals, sacred objects and sacred practices.

Socialization The process by which people develop the behaviors and beliefs of the culture in which they live.

Religious belief systems also typically contain prescrip- tions for socialization related to the three main outcomes: self-regulation, role preparation, and sources of meaning. religious faith in emerging adult- hood tends to be associated with a variety of other positive characteristics. religious belief and participation among emerging adults to be related to higher well-being and lower rates of participation in a variety of types of risk behavior

1. A God exists who created and orders the world and watches over human life on earth. 2. God wants people to be good, nice, and fair to each other, as taught in the Bible and by most world religions. 3. The central goal of life is to be happy and to feel good about oneself. 4. God does not need to be particularly involved in one's life except when needed to resolve a problem. 5. Good people go to heaven when they die.

ramadan A month in the Muslim year that commemorates the revelation of the Koran from God to the prophet Muhammad, requiring fasting from sunrise to sunset each day and refraining from all sensual indulgences. Koran The holy book of the religion of Islam, believed by Muslims to have been communicated to Muhammad from God through the angel Gabriel. once they have reached puberty young people are expected to fast during Ramadan it is considered shameful for a person who has clearly reached physical maturity not to fast

Lawrence Kohlberg was inspired by Piaget's work and sought to extend it by examining moral development through adolescence and into adulthood. Like Piaget, he viewed moral development as based on cognitive develop- ment, such that moral thinking changes in predictable ways as cognitive abilities develop, regardless of culture. Also like Piaget, he presented people with hypothetical moral situa- tions and had them indicate what behavior they believed was right or wrong in those situations, and why.

The critiques can be divided into two main types: the gender critique and the cultural critique. Kohlberg's original research sample included only males To Kohlberg, cog- nitive development is the basis for moral development. Just as cognitive development proceeds on only one path Male (Autonomy) vs female (relationships) Care orientation focuses on relationships Morality of justice vs morality of care Justice orientation places emphasis on justice equality and fairness

The Ethic of Autonomy the individual as the primary moral authority. Individuals are viewed as having the right to do as they wish as long as their behavior does no direct harm to others. The Ethic of Community individuals as members of social groups to which they have commitments and obli- gations. In this ethic, the responsibilities of roles in the family, community, and other groups are the basis of one's moral judgments. The Ethic of Divinity the individual as a spiritual en- tity, subject to the prescriptions of a divine authority. This ethic includes moral views based on traditional religious authorities and religious texts (e.g., the Bible, the Koran).